Saturday, November 30, 2019

Socialist Market Economic System of China

Introduction Socialism with Chinese features differs from the socialism that emerged on the basis of developed Capitalism that was assumed by Marx and Engels. The two focused on socialism that evolved from the Soviet Model and from the ‘triumphal stage† socialism in past China.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socialist Market Economic System of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The habit of socialism with Chinese Characteristic is focused in its habit in historical beginning, peculiar development system, and peculiar dual relationship. Features or the characteristic of socialism was an aspect that was embraced by Deng Xiaoping. It is under the umbrella of setting up socialism with Chinese Characteristic that socialism enhances incredible dynamism and vitality in China. In this respect, this paper shall therefore succinctly discuss the economic system of socialist market economy in China, its feat ures, and the extent of its capitalism. Socialism with Chinese Characteristic According to the past history, socialism with Chinese Characteristic was an aspect that developed in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Maxist Classical authors assert that, the beginning of development of socialist society is the development of Capitalism. Having known this, China is still in progress on the socialist road on the platform of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. In this respect, the perspective that China undertakes is predominantly different from what Maxism believes in. It is the tremendous difference between Maxism and China as a country that results to Socialism acquiring typical features of the underdeveloped countries (Dillon 63). At the outset, the basis on which Chinese Socialism was sprout is distinct from the matrix which gestates socialism as passed on by its founders. The forerunner of Chinese Socialism is a diffident semi-colonial and semi-feudal society as a substit ute of developed capitalistic society (Beck and Levine 428). Secondly, socialism formulated on the basis of a backward economy culture in the Chinese Society has to essentially go through a transition period from the incompetent to the competent. A competent socialism in this case may be thought to uphold a better and superior position than capitalism itself; in essence, it is a socialism that is assumed by Marx.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the development stage of the society, and in realizing a complete transition, it has to undergo a process from the incompetent to competent transition. This is an experience that takes a fairly long transition period, or in other words this is the primary stage (Chen 466). The third feature is that Socialism that emerges from a backward economy and culture will encounter a lot of difficulties and problems. In its development stage at the product ion point, Socialism has held up developed capitalistic countries inadequately. Due to this fact and also under the socialist background, China has an obligation to fulfill the responsibilities of industrialization, commercialization, socialization, and modernization, which other countries have been able to fulfill through capitalism and enhanced the well developed production power that socialism should have (Johnson et al. 141). Therefore, we can find out that socialism that evolves on the basis of backward economy and culture is very abnormal. It varies from socialism that is referred to by Marx and Engels at a reserve of a period of sound developed capitalism. The two persons emerge from different backgrounds, and they represent differences of quality or developmental level. They also present differences of quality between them. As an outcome of this, Chinese Socialism and socialism that is represented by the two are definitely not of the same level. In an economic pattern perspe ctive, socialism with Chinese Characteristic is a kind of socialism that combines public ownership and distinct economy. In a socialist development history, the ideology developed by setting up public ownership against the product economy has been in existence for a long period of time. However, the concept has resolved that sheer planned economy will hold back the development of the production power. Since establishing public ownership against the product economy may hold back the development of the production capability, after setting up the socialistic public ownership, it becomes uncertain the kind of economic system that ought to be built to speed up the development of the production capability (Wu and Zhao 311).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socialist Market Economic System of China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To efficiently deal with the historical question on socialism when in the process of pract icing of the transformation of China, the Chinese society emphasized on improvement of the road and distinguished market system. Undeniably, the most profound features of socialist market economy in China rest on its inclination on the dominance of public ownership and pre-eminence of the market economy. The practice, since its improvement has assured that merging public ownership and market economy and taking the socialist as a necessary alternative for discharge and development of productivity within China (Alesina 30).. Moreover, it also becomes an unavoidable choice that is meant to bring to realizing a gradual social equality to the Chinese society. However, the merging of the two aspects (public ownership and market economy) does not merely mean that there are no disagreements, not contradictions that coexist between the two. Most of the problems that are observed in the contemporary China are as the result of the conflicts between them. There is therefore a need to deal with the conflicts in a correct and proper manner. Since these aspects cannot be eliminated from either the social economy or the market economy, the chief principle that ought to be carried out in resolving the issues is to regulate those conflicts. The regulation that ought to be carried out should be initiated using two aspects: one of the aspects is that, China should harbor all the ways and means to adjust public ownership and enable it to be in alignment with the principle requirements of the market economy (Wu and Zhao 315). The other aspect is that China should be able to control the market economy and make it conform to the quintessence of public ownership. In other words, the two aspects should be compatible to each other, because if there are contradictions between the two, resolving the dispute should be to enhance equilibrium between the two. On the contrary, the two aspects should be left to effectively adapt, conform, and cooperate on a mutual basis (Walder 965). In a nut shell, the strong bond between socialism and capitalism is a pivotal aspect in the external relationship that socialist nations or societies face in development and construction.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The only problem that is hard to avoid in the social construction is the handling and dealing with the capitalistic relationship. Considering that China has already paved an avenue for both socialism and capitalism, this has therefore become one of the distinct features of Socialism with Chinese characteristic (Alesina 35). The Extent to which China operates Capitalist System China is considered to operate on a socialist market economy system. In this regard, not many analysts or studies have explicitly focused on the capitalism aspect of China. The experienced dynamic and massive socio-economic changes characteristic in China have little been linked to any capitalist transition in this country. Explaining how much China is turning out to be a capitalist economy is based on how much the term capitalism is understood in this particular country. Capitalist economies are considered misnomer for the Chinese economy and political portfolio. This is because capitalist economies put much e ffort on the purposes of capital, over and above the ideology of institutions (Gamer 117). Production Capitalist economic system is considered to be a social system that by greater extent allows the minority to be the owners of the means of production. The disadvantage of this process is that the majority of the population may be left to suffer exploitative conditions. Fundamental aspects of the capitalist system is that market forces in the system are omnipotence and the private owned enterprises are important in addressing socio-economic problems in the economy. Private owners of the enterprises own the means of production in China as well (Gamer 129). In this regard, China is slowly turning to be a capitalist economy resulting from production processes. Conceptions of Change Transformation of China towards being a capitalist society has been partial and is consequently lacking depth in terms of analysis. However, dynamic transformations in the Chinese economy have been triggered by the aspect of capitalism. The current economic system in China is perceived as a stepping stone towards achievement of capitalism. Capitalism should be purely analytical in China to consider the system fully operational in the country (Dillon 242). Both the positive and negative attributes of the capitalistic system need to be put into consideration in the analysis of the system. This system though is not fully integrated into the operation ability of China’s economy, but it is slowly gaining momentum. Asian Capitalism Asian countries have consistently adopted capitalism into their economies and China is falling into the same path. This follows the fact that China’s neighbors are as well its business partners, and the need to operate uniform economies is essential to realize the full benefits of the trade relations. Considerably, Bailey argues that China is a big economy in the region and so are the variations between China and the rest of the region (601). Globaliz ation High growth and development experienced in China is constantly influencing integration of China into the world’s capitalist system. In this regard, globalization is integrating China into the global production networks. The need to be competitive enough in the entire world market has prompted China to react towards capitalism because leading world producers operate a capitalist form of economy. By greater length of operation, China is adopting capitalism into its system and is consequently converting from social market system (Dillon 257). Political Economy General advancement in China has been short of complete transition into capitalism. However, China’s progress into being a capitalist economy is consistent, but at the same time faces considerable challenges. Effects of uncertainty in the legislation and institutional factors have been felt in the domestic political economy of the country. This forces the private sector to act slowly on the realization and eff ectuation of the capitalist system in the economy of China. Even with this, the essence of capitalism in the country cannot be ignored because it is consistently taking root in the general operations of the country (Gamer, 295). The legislative uncertainty in the economy has been attributed to the slow pick of capitalism in China, and the concept of the economy to continue evolving is subject to the political economy of the country. Production based on capitalist activities is prevalent internationally, Chinese operations included. Capitalism is well stretched in this region, being evident from New York to Singapore. Large amounts of capital and heavy business operations that are accompanied by building of competitive institutions are the key drivers towards realization of a capitalist economy (Dillon 261). China is not left behind in this process and that is the reason why it is in a considerable pace taking a transition from socialism to capitalism over time. Basing this argument on historical events can further show that at some point, capitalist operations, and consequently as a means of an economic system originated in China. At a time regarded as the Republican era, production by the means of capitalist operations was evident in the country, especially in the Eastern Seaboard. Amass Capital in China Economic growth and development in China is not traced to follow any predetermined economic strategy at the height of its intense and broad changes. Induced reforms have been significant of the economic changes in China, giving it the upward movement realized in the series of changes characteristic of its economic system. Transition from social market system to capitalism has gradually been realized over time based on amass capital China. Fundamental reforms in the country were amid rising prices of agricultural products. To account for this challenge, the country introduced household responsibility system that in that period replaced the concept of high-cost agricultural products. Amass capital in China was as a result driven by the households. Farmers at that time sharply increased their saving propensity, thereby acting as catalysts to drive amass capital in the country. The households consequently invested in private enterprises, which were small-scale in nature. Private production constitutes a greater percentage of attaining capitalist economies. In this regard, the contribution of such enterprises in the Chinese economy cannot be ignored. This fact therefore shows that as much as China is considered to operate a socialist economy, the extent to which capitalist activities in the country are prevalent is worth noting. Considering that increase in the partiality to save resulted in increased savings, it is also important to consider that these deposits were taken into government-owned financial institutions, which consequently meant that the investment decisions were still at the authority of village governments and township govern ance. This may have consequently delayed the process of actualizing capitalism in China, but in real-time analysis, capitalist activities have seemingly taken over the socialism that saw the control of households’ deposits (Xie and Lei 34). Conclusion Capitalist system can be distinguished from the social system based on the series of events and activities that capitalist system involves. In a capitalist system, capital must be in a position to grow and expand in a consistent and a continuous investment process. Re-investment and further extraction of capital follows this system to exploit the full benefits that come with it. Dynamism of the capitalism depends on the need to observe and consequently extract wealth from the activities of the society in form of capital. For China, a transition better suits the economic system in the country because aspects of both capitalist and socialist systems are evident. Their magnitude however differs based on differences in the factors t hat influence each particular system. Works Cited Alesina, Rodrik. â€Å"Distribution, Political Conflict, and Economic Growth.† Political Economy, Growth and Business Cycles. Eds. Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., and Leiderman, L. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992: 23-50. Print. Bailey, Michael. â€Å"Accounting in Transition in the Transitional Economy.† The  European Accounting Review 4.4 (1995): 595-623. Print. Beck, Thurston, and Ross Levine. â€Å"Stock Markets, Banks, and Growth: Panel Evidence.† Journal of Banking and Finance 28 (2004): 423-442. Print. Chen, Zhiwu. â€Å"Capital Markets and Legal Development: The China Case. China.†Ã‚  Economic Review 14 (2003): 451-472. Print. Dillon, Mike. Contemporary China: An Introduction. California: Routledge, 2009. Print. Gamer, Robert. Understanding Contemporary China. Michigan: Lynne Rienner, 2008. Print. Johnson, Simon, Peter Boone, Alasdair Breach, and Eric Friedman. â€Å"Corporate Governance in the Asian Fi nancial Crisis 1997-98.† Journal of Financial  Economics 58 (2000): 141. Print. Walder, Andrew. â€Å"China’s Transitional Economy: Interpreting its Significance.† The  China Quarterly, 144 (Dec, 1995): 963-979, Print. Wu, Jinglian and Renwei Zhao. â€Å"The Dual Pricing System in China’s Industry.† Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (1987): 309-318. Print. Xie, Ping and Lu Lei. The Economics of Corruption in China’s Financial  Institutions: Behavior and Mechanism Design. Beijing: People’s Bank of China, 2003. This essay on Socialist Market Economic System of China was written and submitted by user Jadon House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Learning Through Playful And Formal Methods Children And Young People Essay Essays

Learning Through Playful And Formal Methods Children And Young People Essay Essays Learning Through Playful And Formal Methods Children And Young People Essay Essay Learning Through Playful And Formal Methods Children And Young People Essay Essay Play has been characterized as an of import tool which fosters childrens larning accomplishments in several spheres such as linguistic communication and communicating, knowledge, and socialisation. This paper illustrates groundss that play enhances kids s problem-solving accomplishments and self-regulatory public presentation and metacognition by utilizing a job work outing undertaking ( comparing between finishing times of a jigsaw mystifier ) . During that task a self-regulatory theoretical account was used in order to enter the address. Thirty kids aged 40 to 55 months ( average age 3:9 ) involved in either playful or formal status. Results show that the cognitive public presentation which includes the job resolution, the self-regulation and metacognition is significantly improved through the playful status. Introduction Play is regarded as an of import activity which facilitates larning and development and enhances accomplishments in knowledge, socialisation, communicating, self-awareness, job resolution and sensory-motor map ( Stagnitti, 2004, p. 9 ) . Therefore, drama is seen from the early childhood plans as the basic attack of instruction for immature kids ( McInnes, Howard, Miles and Crowley, 2009 ) . However, many surveies have been conducted to give an recognized definition but the bulk of the efforts to specify drama cause restrictions to research which tend to exemplify the developmental potency of drama ( Thomas, Howard and Miles, 2006 ) . Owing to the fact that the nature of drama is non a predictable state of affairs, a hard phenomenon to interpret, it has provoked serious challenges to research workers. There are many research workers who province that the acquisition results are largely fostered by drama and others who possess a more conservative position about the relationship between drama and acquisition, peculiarly larning derives from many activities whereby drama has a more confined function ( Whitebread, Coltman, Jameson and Lander, 2009 ) . In order to exemplify a direct relation between drama and acquisition, research workers have focused on the impact of drama on job resolution activities. However, these surveies included many methodological failings because they did non gaining control and step the impact of the internal, affectional quality of drama which is gaiety ( McInnes et al. , 2009, p.32 ) . To understand gaiety Thomas et al. , ( 2009 ) have referred to practicians that have to larn kids s perceptual experiences of drama. The above impression is outstanding because this survey demonstrates two conditions in order to measure the impacts of drama on acquisition, the playful and the formal status. Furthermore, in line with Howard ( 2002 ) , who mentions that drama is adequately comprehendible from early old ages kids, this survey manipulated kids s perceptual experiences about drama in order to clear up the differences between playful and non playful patterns. Adults can be independent by pull offing their behaviour and emotions automatically without necessitating to believe, that is, they are able to self-regulate. During early childhood self-regulation occurs bit by bit and kids use egoistic address in order to work out a hard state of affairs. As kids grow up, their address switches to inner address and the soliloquies cut down. The self-regulatory linguistic communication kids use during early childhood is really of import for their development in assorted spheres. Interestingly, in playful activities kids use more self-regulatory linguistic communication than in non-playful state of affairss ( Howard and McInnes, 2013 ) . Indeed, in Whitebread et al. , ( 2009 ) survey were recorded many self-regulatory vocalizations by kids in playful state of affairss. The present survey provides grounds which suggests that drama contributes to larn by back uping the development of self-regulatory accomplishments and problem-solving accomplishments. Method Design This survey included a participants design and consisted of two experimental conditions. The independent variable was the class of status, that is, whether the kids practiced in playful or non-playful state of affairss. The dependent variables were the problem-solving mark betterment and the figure of self-regulatory vocalizations. A three-stage process was conducted, specifically the former-test, which included the clip taken for kids to finish the saber saw mystifier, the pattern five minute period which included the playful and non-playful conditions in which kids completed the activity. At this phase the self-regulatory vocalizations were recorded in each of the above conditions. Finally, the latter-test phase was elaborated two yearss after the drama or non play status and it measured the clip kids needed to finish the saber saw mystifier after the pattern in order to insulate acquisition and drama. The step of the efficaciousness was calculated by deducting the former-test clip from the latter-test times. Furthermore, the efficaciousness was calculated by mensurating the self-acting vocalizations. Participants The chance sample consisted of 30 kids ( 15 male childs and 15 misss ) from the same primary school category in South Wales who participated in the survey. The age of the kids was from 40 to 55 months ( average age 3:9 ) . Materials A digital voice recording equipment was used in order to enter the self-regulatory vocalizations during the pattern phase of the survey. At the same clip a camera was besides used to capture kids s motions and to verify the voice recording equipment s findings as good. For the job work outing activity saber saw mystifiers were chosen, peculiarly four mystifiers which did non picture gender based heroes and consisted of 24 big pieces. Each clip one mystifier was given to the kids in the former-test and the latter-test. Besides, the mystifiers did non picture existent life images but they portrayed abstract colored images. They were from the same fabrication company including the same hero in different state of affairss and each one was picturing a babys room rime. The specific mystifiers had neer been used in schools. Experimental conditions It was of importance to make contexts wherein kids would move playfully or non. Therefore, the cues that manipulated were emotional and environmental and included the voluntary temperament of a kid, the environment in which the pattern was held and the grownups presence. Hence, kids during the playful status were invited to take part and play on the floor for five proceedingss without the grownup s presence. On the other manus, kids during the non play status were told to take part at the tabular array for five proceedingss with the grownup s presence. Procedure Six schoolrooms were used for this survey. Three of them included a tabular array with two chairs and the others were empty. At the beginning of the undertaking each kid was shown the mystifier in the schoolrooms with the tabular array and the chairs and so was asked if he identified the rime. Subsequently on, the rime was narrated by the kid with the research worker s aid and the of import properties of the mystifier s image were described every bit good. Next, the saber saw mystifier was taken apart and the pieces were shuffled. The research worker recorded the clip it took the kid to finish the mystifier. After the completion the kids were allocated to either the playful or non-playful state of affairs and they were timed once more over the five minute pattern period. During the playful and non-playful state of affairs kids s self-regulatory vocalizations were recorded by the voice recording equipment and picture cameras which were placed in non-visible locations inside the school rooms. In peculiar, harmonizing to Livingston, ( 1997 ) this survey coded the self-regulatory vocalizations with a theoretical account which involved three chief facets of metacognition, the metacognitive cognition, the metacognitive ordinance and the emotional and motivational ordinance. Consequences Problem work outing betterment between the two groups For group A ( play status ) the average clip for finishing the mystifier between the former and the latter trial was 9.6 ( SD = 1.99 ) and for group B ( not-play status ) was 7.06 ( SD = 2.76 ) . The tonss from participants in the drama and non play pattern conditions were compared utilizing an unrelated t-test ( one tailed ) . Children in the playful pattern status performed better than kids in the non-playful pattern status ( p=0.0037 ) . The relationship between the age of kids and their tonss on the job work outing undertaking were investigated utilizing Pearsons correlativity. There was a positive relationship between the two steps ( r=0.90 ) , Figure 1. Older kids scored more extremely on the job work outing undertaking. Self-regulatory vocalizations The average figure of regulative vocalizations in playful state of affairs was 14.33 ( SD = 7.66 ) and during the non-playful status was 9.06 ( SD = 5.67 ) . From the 351 self-regulatory events 215 occurred on playful status ( 61.25 % ) and 136 during the non-playful status ( 38.74 % ) . Again, the tonss from participants in the drama and the formal pattern conditions were compared utilizing an unrelated t-test ( one tailed ) . Children in the playful pattern status performed better than kids in the non-playful state of affairs ( p=0.020 ) . Pearsons correlativity trial was used in order to look into the relationship between the age of kids and their tonss in the self-regulatory vocalizations. There was a negative relationship between the two steps ( r=-0.69 ) , Figure 2. Younger kids scored expressed more vocalizations. Discussion Findingss support the research inquiry that kids will be enhanced by playful patterns instead than formal conditions in the cognitive spheres of job resolution and self-regulatory and metacognition and that age plays an of import function in connexion with the above crucial spheres. As can be seen from the findings, there was a important difference between the two groups sing the job work outing undertaking. In other words, it can be inferred that drama positively influenced kids s cognitive public presentation. Furthermore, as kids grow up their cognitive accomplishments become more advanced, that is, they have an unconditioned sensitivity to get the hang more complex cognitive accomplishments when they are older. McInnes, Howard, Miles and Crowley ( 2009 ) stated in their survey that kids who practiced under playful instead than formal conditions illustrated significantly greater cognitive public presentation. Indeed, our survey supports the McInnes et al. , ( 2009 ) findings, because all kids performed better with jigsaw mystifiers during the playful state of affairss. Furthermore, kids expressed more self-regulatory vocalizations during the playful pattern status instead than the formal status, that is, harmonizing to these findings play provided more cognit ive challenges to kids. In line with the survey of Whitebread et al. , ( 2009 ) , kids express higher degrees of private address during drama and as reported by Vygotsky kids tend to speak to themselves whilst they are set abouting an activity, in making so, they learn to utilize linguistic communication to self-regulate their activities. However, the survey of Whitebread et Al. ( 2009 ) , has restrictions in comparing to our research, such us the deficiency of experimental control. For case, the above survey does non implement the experimental conditions of playful and non-playful conditions, hence at that place was non an expressed difference in kids s perceptual experiences whether a state of affairs was playful or non and whether grownups were right originating drama and arousing kids s self-regulatory vocalizations or non. Tellingly, the current survey dissociated whether there was a playful status or non by lucubrating emotional and environmental cues. As reported by Howard ( 2002 ) , kids possess the ability to separate drama or non play state of affairss based on their experience, hence in our survey kids were able to distinguish each status because they manipulated the cues given in both conditions. Consequences, showed that the age and the self-regulatory vocalizations are considered inextricably linked, due to the fact that the older kids showed a lower mark than the younger participants. In other words, it is obvious that as kids grow up their frequence of showing egoistic address reduces and becomes more interior address. Harmonizing to Gray and MacBlain ( 2012 ) , Piaget stated that kids from an early age project their ideas with the mediate tool of address, which he called egoist. However, as kids become more cognizant of societal outlooks egoistic address begins to melt and speech is internalized p. ( 46 ) . It is deserving adverting that the sample taken for this survey was kids from the same primary school category that is the bulk of kids were taught in a specific context, therefore the stimulation they received were limited. Furthermore, the school provided merely six schoolrooms during the procedure which caused defeat to the big figure of kids. The school should hold provided more schoolrooms for the survey needs. Last but non least future surveies should concentrate on the diverseness of the acquisition activities during the rating of the playful conditions in relation with larning results. Finally, by understanding the cues that kids use to show whether they want to move in a playful status or non, early old ages practicians will go more adept and will supply more acquisition chances associated with drama activities.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Approaches of New Criticism Essay Example for Free

Approaches of New Criticism Essay A literary movement that started in the late 1920s and 1930s and originated in reaction to traditional criticism that new critics saw as largely concerned with matters extraneous to the text, e.g., with the biography or psychology of the author or the work’s relationship to literary history. New Criticism proposed that a work of literary art should be regarded as autonomous, and so should not be judged by reference to considerations beyond itself. A poem consists less of a series of referential and verifiable statements about the ‘real’ world beyond it, than of the presentation and sophisticated organization of a set of complex experiences in a verbal form (Hawkes, pp. 150-151). Major figures of New Criticism include I. A. Richards, T. S. Eliot, Cleanth Brooks, David Daiches, William Empson, Murray Krieger, John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, F. R. Leavis, Robert Penn Warren, W. K. Wimsatt, R. P. Blackmur, Rene Wellek, Ausin Warren, and Ivor Winters. A form of criticism based largely on the works of C. G. Jung (YOONG) and Joseph Campbell (and myth itself). Some of the school’s major figures include Robert Graves, Francis Fergusson, Philip Wheelwright, Leslie Fiedler, Northrop Frye, Maud Bodkin, and G. Wilson Knight. These critics view the genres and individual plot patterns of literature, including highly sophisticated and realistic works, as recurrences of certain archetypes and essential mythic formulae. Archetypes, according to Jung, are â€Å"primordial images†; the â€Å"psychic residue† of repeated types of experience in the lives of very ancient ancestors which are inherited in the â€Å"collective unconscious† of the human race and are expressed in myths, religion, dreams, and private fantasies, as well as in the works of literature (Abrams, p. 10, 112). Some common examples of archetypes include water, sun, moon, colors, circles, the Great Mother, Wise Old Man, etc. In terms of archetypal crit icism, the color white might be associated with innocence or could signify death or the supernatural. The application of specific psychological principles (particularly those of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan [zhawk lawk-KAWN]) to the study of literature. Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer’s psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature upon its readers (Wellek and Warren, p. 81). In addition to Freud and Lacan, major figures include Shoshona Felman, Jane Gallop, Norman Holland, George Klein, Elizabeth Wright, Frederick Hoffman, and, Simon Lesser. A sociological approach to literature that viewed works of literature or art as the products of historical forces that can be analyzed by looking at the material conditions in which they were formed. In Marxist ideology, what we often classify as a world view (such as the Victorian age) is actually the articulations of the dominant class. Marxism generally focuses on the clash between the dominant and repressed classes in any given age and also may encourage art to imitate what is often termed an â€Å"objective† reality. Contemporary Marxism is much broader in its focus, and views art as simultaneously reflective and autonomous to the age in which it was produced. The Frankfurt School is also associated with Marxism (Abrams, p. 178, Childers and Hentzi, pp. 175-179). Major figures include Karl Marx, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Raymond Williams, Louis Althusser (ALT-whos-sair), Walter Benjamin (ben-yeh-MEEN), Antonio Gramsci (GRAWM-shee), Georg Lukacs (lou-KOTCH), and Friedrich Engels, Theordor Adorno (a-DOR-no), Edward Ahern, Gilles Deleuze (DAY-looz) and Felix Guattari (GUAT-eh-ree Literally, postcolonialism refers to the period following the decline of colonialism, e.g., the end or lessening of domination by European empires. Although the term postcolonialism generally refers to the period after colonialism, the distinction is not always made. In its use as a critical approach, postcolonialism refers to â€Å"a collection of theoretical and critical strategies used to examine the culture (literature, politics, history, and so forth) of former colonies of the European empires, and their relation to the rest of the world† (Makaryk 155 – see General Resources below). Among the many challenges facing postcolonial writers are the attempt both to resurrect their culture and to combat preconceptions about their culture. Edward Said, for example, uses the word Orientalism to describe the discourse about the East constructed by the West. Major figures include Edward Said (sah-EED), Homi Bhabha (bah-bah), Frantz Fanon (fah-NAWN), Gayatri Spivak, Chinua Ach ebe (ah-CHAY-bay) , Wole Soyinka, Salman Rushdie, Jamaica Kincaid, and Buchi Emecheta Existentialism is a philosophy (promoted especially by Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus) that views each person as an isolated being who is cast into an alien universe, and conceives the world as possessing no inherent human truth, value, or meaning. A person’s life, then, as it moves from the nothingness from which it came toward the nothingness where it must end, defines an existence which is both anguished and absurd (Guerin). In a world without sense, all choices are possible, a situation which Sartre viewed as human beings central dilemma: â€Å"Man [woman] is condemned to be free.† In contrast to atheist existentialism, Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard theorized that belief in God (given that we are provided with no proof or assurance) required a conscious choice or â€Å"leap of faith.† The major figures include Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre (sart or SAR-treh), Albert Camus (kah-MUE or ka-MOO) , Simone de Beauvoir (bohv -WAHR) , Martin Buber, Karl Jaspers (YASS-pers), and Maurice Merleau-Ponty (mer-LOH pawn-TEE). Structuralism is a way of thinking about the world which is predominantly concerned with the perceptions and description of structures. At its simplest, structuralism claims that the nature of every element in any given situation has no significance by itself, and in fact is determined by all the other elements involved in that situation. The full significance of any entity cannot be perceived unless and until it is integrated into the structure of which it forms a part (Hawkes, p. 11). Structuralists believe that all human activity is constructed, not natural or â€Å"essential.† Consequently, it is the systems of organization that are important (what we do is always a matter of selection within a given construct). By this formulation, â€Å"any activity, from the actions of a narrative to not eating one’s peas with a knife, takes place within a system of differences and has meaning only in its relation to other possible activities within that system, not to some mean ing that emanates from nature or the divine† (Childers & Hentzi, p. 286.). Major figures include Claude Là ©vi-Strauss (LAY-vee-strows), A. J. Greimas (GREE-mahs), Jonathan Culler, Roland Barthes (bart), Ferdinand de Saussure (soh-SURR or soh-ZHOR), Roman Jakobson (YAH-keb-sen), Vladimir Propp, and Terence Hawkes. Post-Structuralism and Deconstruction Post-Structuralism (which is often used synonymously with Deconstruction or Postmodernism) is a reaction to structuralism and works against seeing language as a stable, closed system. â€Å"It is a shift from seeing the poem or novel as a closed entity, equipped with definite meanings which it is the critic’s task to decipher, to seeing literature as irreducibly plural, an endless play of signifiers which can never be finally nailed down to a single center, essence, or meaning† (Eagleton 120 – see reference below under â€Å"General References†). Jacques Derrida’s (dair-ree-DAH) paper on â€Å"Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences† (delivered in 1966) proved particularly influential in the creation of post-structuralism. Derrida argued against, in essence, the notion of a knowable center (the Western ideal of logocentrism), a structure that could organize the differential play of language or thought but somehow rema in immune to the same â€Å"play† it depicts (Abrams, 258-9). Derrida’s critique of structuralism also heralded the advent of deconstruction that–like post-structuralism–critiques the notion of â€Å"origin† built into structuralism. In negative terms, deconstruction–particularly as articulated by Derrida–has often come to be interpreted as â€Å"anything goes† since nothing has any real meaning or truth. More positively, it may posited that Derrida, like Paul de Man (de-MAHN) and other post-structuralists, really asks for rigor, that is, a type of interpretation that is constantly and ruthlessly self-conscious and on guard. Similarly, Christopher Norris (in â€Å"What’s Wrong with Postmodernism?†) launches a cogent argument against simplistic attacks of Derrida’s theories: Approaches of New Criticism. (2016, Dec 24).

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) Essay

Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) - Essay Example This, therefore, has resulted to an open innovation concept where organizations discover that all the components of innovation do not have to originate from within the institution. However, they can increase or accelerate their efforts by obtaining the required technology from external sources. Sources, that is of the same minds with them but use a different method in producing their goods and services. Henry in his book, ‘The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology’, describes external innovation as the â€Å"act of allowing external information derived from sources such as cooperation with universities or (corporate) venture capital efforts to be part of a company’s innovation process and permeating the company`s boundaries from outside to inside† (Henry, 2006). The concept of outdoor innovation is one of many pathways shaped in the company. This is to allow new product thoughts to tour inside and outside the firm’s borders and to be bundled with exterior skills and knowledge. One of the organizations that have undergone enormous innovation due to the external thoughts is the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). California Institute for Regenerative Medicine is an organization that improved the development of therapies and potential cures based on the stem cell science (Michael & Panetta, 2005). In November 2004, voters provided three billion dollars for the stem research. California has a massive biotech industry that spreads around San Diego and San Francisco, this pool of funds is used for innovation. The funds also helped in enhancing research and creating job at the university level and in confidential sectors. The California Institute for Regenerating Medicine created an oversight that determined how and where grants were to be made and the organization. The California institute for regenerating medicine also defined on the allocation of funds in order to meet the set mission. The org anization had to focus on innovations both internal and external by carrying out research on product development and clinical trials. The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine later specially made an external evaluation of its strategy procedures and policies that they afterward implemented. The main purpose of employing an external review was to come up with ways of evaluating CIRM`s precedent performance. The review also provided a recommendation on what to be put in place for long term success. CIRM conducted a public meeting on different days with Governing Board`s heads and those who took part in the Review. This helped them to understand fully what CIRM entails, and what is needed for CIRM to achieve its goals. Towards the end of the year 2006, the CIRM published the first magazine to define its scientific strategic plan. This plan served as an outline for the procedures and programs implementations. This plan has helped the institute in its progress thus, being able to register a remarkable progress in the subsequent years. The institute has progressed much in areas of management or leadership, industry appointments, product growth and group prioritization. The institute achieves this while it continues to look after the people and science that will drive them forward CIRM’s first objective has been to support research at the uppermost level of scientific merit. These objectives have been achieved and in return, significantly improved

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Chemical Substances Fungicides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chemical Substances Fungicides - Essay Example As the paper highlights fungicides work include the following; there are specific fungicides that impairs synthesis of the genetic material in fungi thus avoiding synthesis of major fungi constituents that are necessary for life, enzyme and other cell components are not produced and eventually the cells die .Another group of fungi are known hinder electron transport system which is essential for the physiological function of the fungi like the oxidative phosphorilation, an important process in respiration. Inhibition of protein synthesis is also a way in which fungicides arrest the fungal growth, this indicates that it stops the all important processes of transcription and translation hence death results. Membrane synthesis can also affected making the fungi cells vulnerable to the process of osmosis that is, the selective nature of the membrane ceases and the cells suffers lysis.Mitosis and cell division of the fungi can also be affected leading to no propagation of the pathogens, t his leads to reduction of the fungi population, in this case the propagative spores are affected. Some fungicides have multisite effect; they affect almost all parts of the fungi including the mycelium that are used by the fungi to absorb materials for their use, water being an example. From this study it is clear that even though the use of fungicides has become popular in increasing crop production in terms of quantity and quality, it should be clearly noted that when consumed, they have a devastating effect on human; some chemicals used to make the fungicides are carcinogenic and can induce chaotic division of cells resulting into tumours.They are also toxic and can lead to chronic or acute poisoning depending on the lethal dose of the fungicides. Long time exposures to the chemicals have also been known to cause sterility.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Christianity and Narnia Essay Example for Free

Christianity and Narnia Essay Christianity is a religion that more than half of our world believes in. It is the belief that Jesus was the Son of God who saved humanity from sin. That Mary the redeemer said yes to God. Christianity is made up of many different parts. The Paschal Mystery which means the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, the Son of God is what sets Christianity apart from other religions. Christianity has many denominations, for example Mormons, Anglicans, Presbyterian. Christians believe that Jesus lived for humanity, died for humanity, and resurrected for humanity. Christ is percepted in many different ways; he is depicted as the Son of God who died for humans on the cross. Over one third of the world is Christians, but nearly 75% of the world celebrates traditions which only Christians believe in. An example of this would be Easter. Easter is when Jesus died for humans on the cross, but nowadays non-believers celebrate it and is treated as a public holiday. This shows how important Christianity is to humans, and also to the world. In the Bible, Jesus was first mentioned in the book of Isaiah in the Old Testament. He was depicted as the son of God. Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign:  The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son,  and will call him Immanuel. ’Jesus’s name was not mentioned. Isaiah’s prophecy was then fulfilled in the gospel of Luke. ‘Was born of a virgin named Mary’ (Luke 1:26-31). Also Jesus had performed many great miracles. Jesus performed the changing of the water to win at the wedding at Cana. ‘7  Jesus said to the servants  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fill the jars with water†; so they filled them to the brim. 8  then he told them,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Now draw some out and take it to the master of the banquet. † This is the gospel of John 2:7-8. Christians believe Jesus was fully divine and human. Which was why when Jesus was nailed to the cross, the pain he felt was the pain humans would have felt as well. Jesus was crucified on the cross because it was the common way to die. Christians pray and sing hymns praising the Lord. They commonly sing the song ‘I say Yes’ This has the meaning of Mary saying yes to the angel Gabriel to be the mother of Jesus Christ. In the song it has the phrase ‘To the God who cannot die’. This is interpreted in the meaning that God will always be there. He is omnipresent, omniscient and omnipotent. During church, before epiclesis when transubstantion has not yet occurred. The Memorial Acclamation is read to show what Jesus had given up before he was crucified and to show how important the epiclesis is. ‘To do this in the memory of him’. Every year in the month of May, Christians read the Angelus because it is the month of Mary. In the angelus, the Hail Mary is read. A verse in that passage is ‘Pray for us’. That Mary, our redeemer will continue to look over us as she had once done with Jesus. A perfect example of how Christians have continued to spread the word of God and believed is C.S Lewis. He had written a series of books which relate to the belief of Jesus. A quote he had once said was ‘I believe in Christianity as I believe that the sun has risen: not only because I see it, but because by it I see everything else. ’This is a very strong quote because he had continued to live and carry out God’s mission. In the Catechism, CCC 600 it states ‘Lamb of God takes away the Sin of the world’ this is how the Roman Church interpreted Jesus and his teachings. The Lamb of God is Jesus because Jesus is commonly interpreted and depicted as a lamb. Through this Christians carry out acts which follow these teachings. This helps people understand how important Christianity is to the world. It shows what Christians believe and how they show this through their actions. There are many stories and movies which have been written to portray the life of Jesus and the belief of Christianity. One of the many is Narnia by C. S Lewis. This movie and book series stands out because it has many subtle and prominent links between Christianity and Narnia. C. S Lewis was inspired to write the Narnia book series after his ‘mental religious wars’. He converted from a protestant to an atheist then to a Christian (catholic) and is now known as one of the most inspirational theologists. C. S Lewis slipped in and added many subtle symbols. For example, during the scene when Susan and Peter went into the Professor’s study, the notebook on his table was in the shape of an apple. This symbolises Original Sin. The apple shows the relationship between God and Humanity. How evil had come into the world. Narnia is a story with 4 main characters Edmund, Susan, Lily and Peter. C. S Lewis used the characters of Susan and Lily as Eve, and Edmund and Peter as the Sons of Adam. When the children had first gone into the Land of Narnia, we are first introduced to them being as the sons and daughters of Eve and Adam. There are three types of sins in the world, Original Sin, Social Sin and Personal Sin. Social Sin is depicted in Narnia through the White Witch. Narnia is set in a land where it is winter. It is depicted as the season of winter because it symbolises dark and evil. Because of the White Which. In the shots where Aslan is present, the land of Narnia is spring. It is as if Narnia Is released and freed from evil. Personal Sin is depicted in Narnia through Edmund. Aslan, the lion performed many miracles in the series of Narnia. When the White Witch had frozen the thorns and people to stone, Aslan blew on them to unfreeze them. This is a very big miracle of him. Jesus had also performed many miracles in his lifetime. ,  6  After saying this, he spit  on the ground, made some mud with the saliva, and put it on the man’s eyes. 7  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Go,†Ã‚  he told him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wash in the Pool of Siloam†. So the man went and washed, and came home seeing. This is the gospel of John 9:6-7. Jesus too also performed strange and powerful miracles to help others. In the book Narnia, C.S Lewis quotes from Aslan as King ‘Aslan as everywhere’ to ‘He will be back’. C. S Lewis had many inspirations to write the book. One of the many was when his wife was cured of cancer but then later died. Despite her dying, he had continued on the write the books. In the book of Catechism, CCC 977, it says that Christ who died for our sin and rose for us so we may walk in the fullness of life. This is what the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church believes what Christ is and what human life is about. In CCC 1708, ‘by his Passion, Christ delivered us from Satan and from sin. He merited for us the new life in the Holy Spirit. His grace restores what sin had damaged in us. ’ These are what they Catholics believe what Christ did and how it affected humanity as a whole and how sin had damaged us. Christians can follow and learn about the life and times of Jesus Christ and the origins of Christianity through reading the books and watching the movies of Narnia. This is relevant to the religion Christianity because the book and film Narnia had incorporated many symbols to show Catholicism. This helps Christians understand their religion and how it had started.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Text Messaging Enhances Language Essay -- Communication AIM Language E

Text Messaging Enhances Language My younger brother sits as his computer everyday after work to "talk" to his friends through America Online (AOL) Instant Messaging (IM). They use terms like BRB (be right back) and LOL (laugh out loud) that seem a little confusing to the "out-dated" older sibling. It amazes me that he can carry on a conversation using abbreviations for virtually every word or phrase. It doesn't even bother him anymore that I peek over his shoulder to see what they're "talking" about, because he knows it's foreign to me and I can't understand it anyway. As I watch my younger brother on the computer at night, I realize that our habits of reading and writing are changing through modern computer technology like instant messenger. The way we write on instant messenger effects the way we work with writing in an educational sense, but at the same time, enhances, or helps develop, a totally new language. Take for example the following text, which is foreign to most of us: "How hz cyberculture changed d way we tink bout writiN & writers? hav our habits of rEDN & writiN bcum fundamNtLlE dfrnt az a result of contemporary cmptr teknoloG? hav technological advances damaged o NhancD d way we wrk w writiN?" That can be translated into the questions for our assignment: How has cyberculture changed the way we think about writing and writers? Have our habits of reading and writing become fundamentally different as a result of contemporary computer technology? Have technological advances damaged or enhanced the way we work with writing? There's a website http://www.transl8it.com/cgi-win/index.pl that allows a user to type in a phrase and it is translated into computer language by the click of a button. This to... ...ges our writing. In another sense, the IM language could, in time, enhance the evolution of a whole new language. The Net Lingo website has many relevant examples of IM language. Works Cited Birkets, Sven. "Into the Electronic Millenium." Tribble and Trubek 62-74. Bolter, Jay David. "The New Dialogue." Tribble and Trubek 75-87. Cabagnot, Ruby. "Text Messaging: Boon or Bane?" 12 December 2000. Business World Online Inc. Website.16 June 2003. http://itmatters.com.ph/features/features_12122000.html. CNN. "R ur txt msgs or OK?" Thursday, 13 February 2003. Associated Press. Website. 16 June 2003.CNN.com. Landow, George. "Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book?" Tribble and Trubek 214-226. Tribble, Evelyn B. and Anne Trubek, eds. Writing Material" Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. New York: Longman, 2003.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Unit study guide

You will be able to enter this Exam only once. There is a 2-hour time limit for this type of Exam. Make sure to complete the exam by the end of Unit 6 on Tuesday evening. For each Item listed below, make sure you understand what the Item Is referring to, owe the textbook defines it and how it applies to business organizations.Planning ? Chapter 5 Strategic Planning & Decision Making Strategic Planning -Strategic Goals Tactical Planning – Specific Goals & Plans Operational Planning – Specific Procedures & Processes Mission ? Organization's Basic Purpose Strategic Vision – Future Perspective SOOT Analysis Organizing – Chapter 7 Organizing for Action Organizational Chart Differentiation & Integration Dillon of Labor & Specialization Vertical Structure Authority Span of Control Delegation – Responsibility, Accountability Centralization Horizontal Structure Line DepartmentsStaff Departments Differentiations Functional, Divisional, Matrix, Network Central ized vs.. Decentralized Organizations Leading ? Chapter 10 Leadership Vision Leading & Managing Supervisory Leadership & Strategic Leadership 5 Sources of Power: Legitimate, Reward, Coercive, Referent, Expert 3 Traditional Approaches to Leadership Approach – Task Performance Behaviors & Group Maintenance Behaviors, ELM Theory, Autocratic Leadership, Democratic Leadership, Laissez-fairer Situational Approach – Broom Model, Fielder's Contingency Model, Task-motivated Leadership, Relationship-motivated Leadership, Hershey & Blanchard Situational Theory ( JobMaturity, Psychological Maturity). Charismatic Leaders * Transformational Leaders * Transactional Leaders Controlling ? Chapter 14 Managerial Control Control – a process that directs the activities of individuals toward the achievement of organizational goals Bureaucratic Control Market Control Clan Control 4 Steps of Control Systems Setting Performance Standards Measuring Performance Comparing Performance Again st Standards & Determining Deviations Taking Action to Correct Problems & Reinforce Successes 6 Sigma Six Sigma is a quality management concept that has the goal of eliminating defects room a company's product or service.It involves adjusting various aspects of and around the product or service until it is consistently what the customers want and need. The term â€Å"sigma† refers to how far a product or service is from being â€Å"perfect†, free of defects (relative to customers' wants and needs). This state of â€Å"perfection† or being as free of defects as possible is believed to be achieved at Six Sigma. Internal Audits & External Audits For the Internal & External audit information, refer to your textbook definitions and make sure you understand the differences and specific purpose of each one.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

B.F. Skinners theory of punishment Essay

When you think of punishment and reward you think of a reaction; but man has come up with theories of why we do the things that we can do. Conditioning and learning is defined as change in behavior, which is resulted by different types of practices and experiences. In this report the main topics will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning, cognitive-social learning, and neuroscience and evolution. Every time we do something good or bad the outcome determines our reactions in future situations. This learning process that is associated between environment stimuli and behavioral responses. Breaking down the rewards system you come along reinforces and reinforcement. Both are good ways to get a conditioned response. First we primary rein forcers, this increases the chance because it satisfies a need for sex, food, and water. Secondary rein forcers increase the probability of a reaction because of value, money, and possessions through learning. Positive reinforcement is a reward that adds stimulus to increase chances of responses. Positive reinforcement would be a paycheck for a job well done. Negative reinforcement is the exact opposite removing or taking away stimulus of the action not occurring again. The two types of conditioning we are covering is classical and operant. Conditioning is learning through repetition of exercises of rewards or punishment to get a response. The pioneer scientist in classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning is also known as a Respondent or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical is also involuntary which is one of the major differences from operant conditioning. Classical conditioning happens when an unrelated response through association with a stimulus that already makes a similar or related response. An example of classical conditioning is for some people when you hear the sound of running water you need to use the bathroom. The other types of conditioning are Operant, also called Instrumental and Skinnerian conditioning. In operant conditioning the punishment, reward, or in other words outcome is important. That adds to the probability that the act will be repeated or not. Operant conditioning is where consequences of a  particular behavior are described on the repetition of that same behavior. B.F. Skinner’s experiment of operant conditioning was a cat in a puzzle box. The only way the cat could get out was to pull on a rope; at first the cat did it by mistake. As the experiment went on the cat’s behavior became more and more purposeful. Soon the cat learned that the door opened immediately for his food. Skinner’s theory of reward was called positive reinforcement, and his theory of punishment was known as negative reinforcement. Reinforcement always increases the strength of the preceding behavior. Skinner was credited with the law of affect meaning an action will be repeated if it is rewarded. Another type of operant conditioning is called, Extinction. Extinction is a particular behavior that is weakened by the consequence of not experiencing a positive condition or stopping a negative condition. So far this report has broken down stimulus and observable reward and punishment behavior. Overall, some scientists believe the behavior cannot be explained by these theories alone. So next we come to cognitive social theory. Unlike Skinner’s black box theory, German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler wanted to look deeper inside the box. Kohler believed that solving a complex problem was responding to the stimuli in a trial and error statement. One of his experiments was with using a chimpanzee to try and find his way out of a cage and luring to reach a banana from the ceiling by using it’s insight to grasp the banana. Kohler tried the experiment again with another chimp placing him in the cage with two sticks this time and placing the banana farther then it’s grasp. The chimp lost interest in the banana when it was farther but then realized he could use the two sticks to extend his reach, allowing it (the chimp) to obtain the banana. Kohler called this a, learning insight. To wrap up this report we learned that the different types of conditioning are based on reward and punishment and they all have their own different theories and they are still being tested and experimented today.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Computer Engineering

A Strong Background in Computer Technology Will Benefit Future Engineers Computer technology has advanced dramatically over the past ten years. Technology has advanced from computers the size of a room that can only perform one particular task, to personal computers (PC’s) that will fit on a desk and perform multiple tasks. Understanding computers and their programs and being able to apply that knowledge is very important in today’s workplace. Engineering is a field that requires an extensive background in computer technology. Future engineers will benefit dramatically from having a strong background in computer technology. In order to understand why computers are important, we have to understand what a computer is and what it does. A computer is a device capable of performing a series of calculations or logical operations without human intervention. The computer is characterized by the number and complexity of operations it can perform and by its ability to process, st ore, and retrieve data (â€Å"Computers† 1). The development of computers began in the 19th century by British mathematician Charles Babbage (Eadie 3). Babbage designed, but did not build, a mechanical digital device capable of processing information as a modern computer does (4). In 1930 American scientist Vannevar Bush built a mechanically operated device, called a differential analyzer (4). It was the first general-purpose analog computer. Analog computers will be discussed later in this paper. The first information-processing digital computer actually built was the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I computer (4). Completed in 1944, this electromechanical device was designed by American engineer Howard Aiken (5). In 1946 the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC, was put into operation (5). Using thousands of electron tubes, it was the first electronic digital computer. In the late 1950s transistors replaced electron tubes in comput... Free Essays on Computer Engineering Free Essays on Computer Engineering A Strong Background in Computer Technology Will Benefit Future Engineers Computer technology has advanced dramatically over the past ten years. Technology has advanced from computers the size of a room that can only perform one particular task, to personal computers (PC’s) that will fit on a desk and perform multiple tasks. Understanding computers and their programs and being able to apply that knowledge is very important in today’s workplace. Engineering is a field that requires an extensive background in computer technology. Future engineers will benefit dramatically from having a strong background in computer technology. In order to understand why computers are important, we have to understand what a computer is and what it does. A computer is a device capable of performing a series of calculations or logical operations without human intervention. The computer is characterized by the number and complexity of operations it can perform and by its ability to process, st ore, and retrieve data (â€Å"Computers† 1). The development of computers began in the 19th century by British mathematician Charles Babbage (Eadie 3). Babbage designed, but did not build, a mechanical digital device capable of processing information as a modern computer does (4). In 1930 American scientist Vannevar Bush built a mechanically operated device, called a differential analyzer (4). It was the first general-purpose analog computer. Analog computers will be discussed later in this paper. The first information-processing digital computer actually built was the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I computer (4). Completed in 1944, this electromechanical device was designed by American engineer Howard Aiken (5). In 1946 the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC, was put into operation (5). Using thousands of electron tubes, it was the first electronic digital computer. In the late 1950s transistors replaced electron tubes in comput...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Analysis of Waterloo International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Analysis of Waterloo International - Essay Example This essay describes the design of Waterloo International. The International terminal at Waterloo opened in 1994 under Eurostar’s banner. The terminal itself has had nearly 100 million pairs of feet through its concourses, millions using the restrooms, parking facilities, hotel and boarding areas. The terminal has stood up well to the demands placed on it and it is rather the route through the chunnel which has caused most problems for the operation of the trains. The high speed travel option has been dogged by bad press and Nicholas Sarkozy has openly citicised the company for lack of adequate preparation in case of emergencies. Because of extreme weather conditions the chunnel has been forced to close on many occasions-on one occasion passengers were stuck for hours-the ensuing panic almost crippled Eurostar. What began as a revolution in travel and design seemed, in 2007, to be a doomed operation and when Eurostar moved its entire operation to St Pancreas , Grimshaw’s lovely soaring dome looked set to become yet another Modernist white elephant. So far the building has been a venue for a performance of the Kink’s song, Waterloo Sunset, by Lily Allen (a fitting tribute), a major art exhibition and a Topshop fashion show during London Fashion Week, the models strutted down the platform showcasing the latest in British street style. These events show that Grimshaw’s addition to Waterloo station has been accepted by the Bri ts and looks set to be well utalised in the future.

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Advantages of Probation and Prison system Assignment - 2

Advantages of Probation and Prison system - Assignment Example It is traced back in Boston in the 1700s when the prisoners were taken home by John Augustus as an alternative to the issue of incarceration. Later on, Massachusetts authorized Boston to hire a probation officer. By the end of the ninetieth century, probation was widely practiced all over the world. Parole refers to the temporary or permanent release of a certain prisoner before completion of their prison sentences once they promise to be of good behavior. There are various differences between parole and probation. First of all, probation is that form of a criminal sentence without having to serve time. The offender remains in the setting of a community instead of serving time in prison. On the other hand, parole is an early supervised release from jail. An individual serves jail time for a while and before their jail time is over, they are released either permanently or temporary if they promise to be of good behavior. It allows a high level of flexibility in the handling of various criminal offenders. It permits the judges to make decisions about the ability of an individual to function in a society. It is also a system where an individual is given a second chance to change and allows individuals to redeem themselves. It still represents an incursion that the state undertakes on individuals. The system has also been criticized by too many people on it thus being seen as detrimental to societies and individuals. It also criticized to give prisoners freedom when they should be in jail. Parolee might repeat the offenses he was incarcerated for. The inability of the parolee to survive due to lack of employment or a home. It also requires frequently involvement by the criminal justice for a period of time. One case that impacted on probation and parole was a case of Gagnon V. Scarpelli in 1973. He was serving a probation sentence for armed robbery in the state of Wisconsin.Â