Jonathan Edwards And Benjamin Franklin Essay Example For Students

Jonathan Edwards And Benjamin Franklin Essay From their basic appraisals on the most proficient method to develop themselves and to the Americanpublic that they impacted by their works, Jonathan Edwards and BenjaminFranklin represent American topics in their own stories thatquintessentially make some portion of American Literature. In spite of the fact that they lived apathetic occasions during the early improvement of the United States of America andwrote for various purposes, they share regular subjects. Their impact by theirenvironment, independence, recommendations for a superior society, and occasions thataffected their general public create from their works. By investigating JonathanEdwards Personal Narrative, Resolutions, Sinnersin the Hands of an Angry God, and determinations from Benjamin Franklins TheAutobiography of Benjamin Franklin found in The Heath Anthology of AmericanLiterature: Third Edition Volume One altered by Paul Lauter, the fundamentalthemes in American writing are clear and their individual thoughts are distinctive. These individual accounts uncover the impacts of theirenvironment that gave them revelations to their closer flawlessness of themselves. Jonathan Edwards Personal Narrative shows his excursion towards acloser relationship to God. His family was adherents of the CongregationalistChurch, and from youth, he followed a Christian life (Lauter 569). Inthe start of his collection of memoirs, Personal Narrative, he saysI had an assortment of concerns and exercise about my spirit from my childhood;but had two increasingly striking periods of Mckenize 2 arousing, before I met withthat change, by which I was brought to those new auras, and that newsense of things, that I have had (Lauter 581). Edwards suffers arite of entry, which carries him closer to God. These epiphaniesassisted on his evaluation of improving as a man according to God andminister to his locale. Benjamin Franklin didn't hold his family convictions ofChristianity, yet from his initial condition, he attracted his relationship to God asa Deist. Franklin accepted there is a Supreme Being and it is our activity todiscover our own world by thinking. In his self-port rayal, he notes severalepiphanies that changed his way of life. For instance, he lamented his leavingMiss Read for England without seeking after their relationship further. He callsthese second thoughts or bad behaviors Erratum (Lauter 788). The spiritualityof Franklin and Edwards is unmistakable, and their compositions reflect theirexperiences and development of progress. Franklin as a Deist felt that he createdhis fate by the choices he made. His collection of memoirs shows his faultsand achievements. This transparency expects to the crowd, the American, in orderfor them to rethink themselves and improve from their shortcomings. Franklinwanted Americans to turn out to be better Americans. With Edwards convictions, he felt thatgod fated each man, and just the choose entered in theafterlife to paradise. He centers his composition to the Christian crowd. His goalis to set them up to become contender to be choose and show how theelect can set a model for the remainder of the gathering . These menfelt the obligation to carry on with a superior life and set the model for each manin their locale. As people, they continually examine andself-assess there position throughout everyday life and Mckenzie 3 network. In Early AmericanLiterature: A Collection of Critical Essays, the proofreader Michael T. Gilmorewrites in the presentation, in their psyches the Bible wasthe book of history, and typology uncovered the formative example of eventsby discovering correspondences between the Old and New Testaments (2). Edwardsconstantly puts his life as per the book of scriptures. He accepted like Winthrop,that his locale needs to plan and become a city upon a hill(Gilmore 2). Through his consideration and objectives seen inResolutions, he continually looks to develop himself, so he canfulfill Gods plan for another Holy Land, which is his gathering in NewEngland. His sole focus was deciphering the Bible and living by itswords. He recorded his objectives to develop himself and set a guide to hiscommunity. Benjamin Franklin looks for indistinguishable objectives from an individual, however hedesires to improve the American man. In Soundings: Some EarlyAmerican Writers, Lewis Leary composes Franklin was the genuine Americanconstantly rethinks himselfnone better spoke to the straightforward, noblemenwho lived near nature dedicated to her laws uncontaminated byartificialities of court or town (9, 11). Franklin records excellencies that heintended his crowd to attempt to follow when they decided to develop themselves. Byexplaining that nobody can change for the time being and take a shot at one bad habit untilsuccessively vanquished, for example, modesty, each man can get self-improvementand further add to their locale (Lauter 810-11). With a journal anddocumenting every bad habit, Edward tried to conquer his transgressions, be nearer to God, andteach from his experience the need to set the best model as one of theelect. With Franklins table of vanquishing indecenc ies, he needed to becloser to being highminded. These men reported their advancement of theirself-characterized goals with expectations of their locale to follow Mckenzie 4 bytheir model. They want to be powerful by their own penances and catchattention and regard by their locale. Edwards and Franklins writingsreflect the political and social partitions in their general public. While Franklinteaches through composing the occasions to all Americans for the requirement for a closersociety after the Revolutionary War, Edward lectures his assemblage theneed to tie together and look for salvation during when America redefinedreligion. In, Sinners of an Angry God, Edwards responds with outrage andfierceness to his assembly in the response to the GreatAwakening. In his message to his congregation, Edwards subject is to supplication the manynot spared and destined to punishment. He lectures, presently you have anextraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has tossed the entryway of merc ywide open (Lauter 602). He requests to redirect the impact of uncertifiedpreachers and remain near the network and spare themselves. His thought ofholding a network is by danger of punishment. As Ursula Brumm clarifies in heressay Jonathan Edwards and Typology, in Early American Literature: ACollection of Critical Essays, Edwards partook central core in theevents of the Great Awakening. He respected this development with overwhelmingexpectations in the conviction that it denoted the start of the millennium(71). Edwards felt that the enticements of Satan was the reason for this event,and forcibly in this message, he endeavored to hold his assembly during thistest by God who needed to see who was reliable. Franklin was not as strong inhis endeavor to impact man to turn out to be increasingly devoted. He just needed some tofollow the way that he cleared. He talks about that the utilization of his rundown ofvirtues and how they make man a productive member of society. He says its each onesinterest to be idealistic, who wishd to be glad even in this world (Lauter818). His point is to show men, that Mckenzie 5 writing, as hisautobiography, assists men with examining their own mistakes and right (Leary 15). Thetheme of clothes to newfound wealth rules Franklin self-portrayal and it is acommon subject utilized by numerous American scholars. At the time after America won itsindependence, the country battled for the ID of a model resident. Tomato Fishing EssayNot just did Benjamin Franklin love freedom, he likewise had extraordinary ability asa representative. In this job, Franklin

Motivation at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inspiration at Work - Essay Example The main persuasive hypothesis that will be considered is Maslow's chain of command of necessities hypothesis. This is a substance hypothesis that expresses that there are five degrees of necessities that an individual travels through. The main level is physiological requirements, which alludes to the fundamental requirement for food and haven. The subsequent level is wellbeing needs, which incorporates having employer stability. The third level is belongingness needs, which alludes to a person's have to feel like they are a piece of something and to feel that their commitment is significant. The fourth level is regard, which alludes to a person's have to like themselves, including feeling that their work is valued. The fifth and last level is self-actualisation, which alludes to the individual inclination that they are understanding their latent capacity. This last level speaks to the individual being at their generally inspired. Now, the representative attempts to be as well as can be expected be, while feeling greatest fulfillment and keeping in mind that additionally feeling that their commitment is esteemed. The significant thing about the chain of importance is that people can't accomplish any phase without first advancing through the prior stages (Daft 1997, p. 529). Consequently, a worker can't arrive at the self-actualisation stage if their physiological, wellbeing, belongingness and regard needs have not first been met. This implies an administrator must guarantee that each degree of need is accommodated on the off chance that they need representatives to be profoundly energetic. The primary level is physiological necessities, which is the requirement for food. To accommodate this need, the administrator needs to guarantee that representatives are satisfactorily redressed. The following stage is wellbeing needs. Wellbeing needs have been accommodated when representatives feel that they have employer stability and that they are genuinely protected insi de the work environment. The third stage is belongingness needs, which alludes to a representative's have to feel that they are a piece of something. This implies guaranteeing that representatives know their job in the association and how they fit into the association all in all. The fourth stage is regard needs, which is simply the worker's have to like themselves. To accomplish this, workers should be adulated for their activities. This recognition could be as a fiscal prize, an honor for their endeavors, or a basic much obliged. This can likewise be accomplished by allowing the worker a chance to accomplish that they have an inclination that they are contributing. The last stage is self-actualisation. This stage happens when every other need have been met. At this stage, representatives work for themselves, as much with respect to the organization, where they want to accomplish objectives since it makes a difference to them. This is the most extreme inspiration reachable dependen t on the way that all people will at last worth themselves more than any other individual. This hypothesis can be applied by chiefs by perceiving the level that representatives are at and taking activities to assist them with advancing through the phases until they arrive at the most extreme degree of inspiration. The following hypothesis that will be considered is ERG hypothesis. It is another substance hypothesis and is very like Maslow's hypothesis. ERG hypothesis portrays three degrees of inspiration: presence needs, relatedness needs, and development needs. The main degree of presence needs is like Maslow

How To Avoid The Pressure of Becoming A STEM Major (If Thats Not Your Thing)

How To Avoid The Pressure of Becoming A STEM Major (If Thats Not Your Thing) Welcome to the generation of STEM! Now, if you’re anything like me, STEM is not your thing. At all. Throughout high school, I found some STEM subjects interesting like psychology and biology, but I always found myself being captivated by other subjects such as history and English. History in particular was constantly making me think, even outside of class, and I found myself always asking, “Why?” about everything. I wanted to know the backstory about the world and society I live in and use that information to make a change. This meant that STEM-based majors and fields that me and my peers were frequently being pushed towards was a life that I knew would make me unhappy in college. Yet, when it seems like the entire world is shouting about how amazing and lucrative a career and life in STEM is, it can be very difficult to not get caught up in all of the ruckus. Now, this isn’t to say that STEM majors and fields are bad in anyway, because they are absolutely not. No field or major is better than another. But, each generation finds themselves being pushed to go into a particular field of work once it’s time to head to college and my generation’s has surely been STEM. STEM fields can be seen being pushed for in the news, at high schools’ clubs and fairs, and even from our own family members and peers at times. In fact, there is even a large proportion of college scholarships and opportunities directly for students who are studying a field in STEM. All of these aspects can become extremely discouraging if, like myself, a life in STEM is not for you. It can begin to feel like if you declare a non-STEM major, your experience at college will be bleaker and lack support, leading to an unfulfilling career. Well, I’m here to tell you that none of that is true! What leads to a bleak and unfulfilling college experience is declaring a major that doesn’t make you happy. Your major should be something you love, and if that’s not STEM, that’s okay! My experience as a History and Gender and Women Studies double major has definitely proven that time and time again. For one, I learned that there is plenty of support for non-STEM majors at the University of Illinois! From the LAS-ACES Career Fair held every year to the newly added Humanities Professional Resource Center (to name a few) there are an abundance of services specifically designed to assist non-STEM majors pursue whatever career options you want. Other resources such as the Career Center are also open to all majors and are just as equipped and willing to help out non-STEM majors. As far as scholarships and study abroad opportunities go, I have discovered a number of lucrative scholarships for University of Illinois students who are non-STEM majors, and the amount of non-STEM focused study abroad programs here is abundant! Even individual departments like my own offer and constantly promote scholarships to their students to ensure that they can take their college journey in any direction they want.   There are also just as many student organizations at the University of Illinois for non-STEM majors! From academic fraternities to a wide variety of creative writing student organizations, I have never felt like I was missing out when it comes to other academic spaces that tailor to my interests and career plans. Something I hear often after telling people what I study is, “Oh, there must be no opportunities for you to get involved in your department.” This is a common assumption about non-STEM fields since when most people think of research, they picture a person in a lab. But, in just two years, I have had the opportunity to work within both of my academic departments and even serve as a research assistant for a professor!   At the end of the day, college is about studying what you are most passionate about, and the University of Illinois definitely allows you to do that. If your passion is STEM, there is absolutely nothing wrong with that, and I encourage you to pursue it! But, if you are anything like high-school-senior me realizing that STEM was not her passion, do not be afraid to pursue a non-STEM field at the University of Illinois. You will find that your experience here will not be of lesser quality, and you will be studying what you love, which is most important. ?? humanities majors STEM Taylor Class of 2021 Hey y’all, I’m a History and Gender and Women Studies double major and a French minor from Chicago! I concentrate in all things Black and Black women studies and love long-distance running.

American History And Its Impact On The West And Distant...

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When the Europeans arrived in 1606 with 104 men and boys hoping to find their riches in the New World, they found a largely empty landscape. Over the next few decades, the Jamestown people were able to thrive while the native populations were dying because the colonists had more advanced technology, Christianity, and European sensibilities. They were able to properly manage the empty, surrounding area, convert it to farmland, and grow highly profitable tobacco that helped spur further growth in what would become the US. However, it’s reality tells a much different story. The first colonists arrived in March and byShow MoreRelatedExchanging Our Country Marks by Michael Gomez.1495 Words   |  6 Pagesrecord in a stunning fusion that points the way to a definitive history of American Slavery. In this fusion of history, anthropology, and sociology, Gomez has made expert use of primary sources, including newspapers ads for runaway slaves in colonial America. 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Essay on Education and Virginia’s Woolf’s A Room of...

â€Å"Only the gold and silver flowed now, not from the coffers of the king, but from the purses of men who had made, say a fortune from industry, and returned, in their wills, a bounteous share of it to endow more chairs, more lectureships, more fellowships in the university where they had learnt their craft† (754). This is a quote from Virginia’s Woolf’s essay, â€Å"A Room of One’s Own†. Here she is making a point about universities and the funding that they received from men that had gone to school there. Woolf’s essay takes place during the early nineteen hundreds when most women did not attend a university. There was great inequality of those who attended school because men had control over all the money. The men in society either received†¦show more content†¦Thankfully times have changed, and women writers are recognized equally as men are today in society. The main reason is that women today have an equal chance at educat ion. Education today is open to everyone, because education can be paid for, or funded in various ways. Universities today are much easier to attend for anyone that wishes to go to school. There are so many different types of programs out there today that make education more affordable for people that do not have the assets to pay for an education themselves. There are many forms of financial aid available for specific groups of people. For example, there are scholarship programs set up specifically for women, or programs set up specifically for minorities. There are also programs set up for people with certain disabilities. These programs are set up in this sort of way to give everyone a chance to fit in to one of the specific categories. There are many ways to apply for these types of financial aid. You can do them through your high school, place of work, or even find them over the internet. What about the people that don’t fit into these specific categories? For these people, there are general financial aid programs established. These programs are set up by private, public, or government institutions. These programs include scholarships, student loans, grants, and many more. Many of these types of financial aidShow MoreRelatedVirginia Woolf: Just a Misunderstood Women948 Words   |  4 Pagesparents were open minded, which at the time meant she was able to get some form of education. Both her mother and father were married before the eventually married one another. Virginia’s education consisted of her being able to read books from the families well stocked Victorian library (Biography.com). Woolf’s mother being a positive role model, was a nurse and wrote a book over the profession of nursing. Woolf’s family seemed to be very well connected both socially and educationally. Her aunt was

Desmond Tutu Free Essays

Desmond Tutu became one of South Africa’s most out spoken annotator of apartheid. His religious belief was based upon the biblical teachings of Christ. Tutu believed in the biblical teaching of Galatians 3:28, â€Å"There is neither Jew, nor Greek, slave nor free, male more female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus† (Gish 128). We will write a custom essay sample on Desmond Tutu or any similar topic only for you Order Now That particular biblical teaching taught of equality for all whites, blacks and colored people. Apartheid itself started off of as religion and that was the main reason why it was able to stand for so long was because of the Whites wrong interpretation of the Bible, that stated that : White people are superior to the Blacks but clearly it was not so in the eye’s of God. Being a Christian to him meant objecting to racial discrimination and prejudice (http://countrystudies. us/south-africa/53. htm ). Tutu believed in what the Bible said as being true and correct â€Å"I now realize that it the true that God treats everyone on the same basis† (Act 10:34). It was the religious teachings in Christianity that motivated him rather than political hunger. As a priest Tutu felt that it was his responsibility to do what it was that God wanted him to do and racial segregation was not part of God’s plan for South Africa. Tutu would often describe the Apartheid as â€Å"evil and unchristian†. He was influenced in his views by white clergymen, who were also opponent of apartheid. (http://teacherlink. ed. usu. edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-famous/desmond. htm). Tutu frequently told the government of South Africa that apartheid was not part of God’s plan and that it was doomed for failure (http://www. sahistory. org. za/people/archbishop-emeritus-mpilo-desmond-tutu). What also motivated him was the fact that he too was also discriminated against for being Black, he was deprived the right to do basic duties of a citizen of South Africa (couldn’t vote, had to Carry a pass, etc) but he had the support of the Black and colored community which encouraged him to fight for equal civil rights for all, the abolition of South Africa’s passport laws, and a common education system (http://www. oreorless. au. com/heroes/tutu. html ), (http://teacherlink. ed. usu. edu/tlresources/units/byrnes-famous/desmond. htm ). While Tutu was in London, England he found a â€Å"new world† where there was respect for all people of every single skin color. The experience in London was exhilarating for Tutu’s family, after the oppressio n under apartheid. Tutu was able to dabble in his love for cricket. He even has the opportunity to preach to a white congregation. Those few years spent in London fuel his urge to fight apartheid even more. http://www. sahistory. org. za/people/archbishop-emeritus-mpilo-desmond-tutu ). He wanted to make that change in South Africa. A few years after returning to South Africa Tutu was appointed the first black Archbishop of Cape Town in the Anglican Church. With such prestige power he was vigorously promoted â€Å"speak truth to power†. He encouraged the use of non violent resistance by the blacks and also the world wide community by applying economic sanctions against the government of South Africa. As result of this the government threw him in prison for a short time frame and cancelled his passport (http://www. tutu. org/timeline/1976-1983/ ). Inevitably, Tutu began to speak out against the injustices of the apartheid system. He supported an international boycott to pressure his country into a peaceful reform; he was publically raising international awareness of what was really happening in South Africa. He tried to urge foreign companies to disinvest in South Africa particularly the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom. This was an effort to pressurize the government to break down and it soon succeeded (http://www. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/desmond-tutu-75. php ) (http://www. tutu. org/timeline/1976-1983/ ) (Gish 90). Tutu tireless anti apartheid campaigning during the 1980 eventually won him the Nobel peace prize. The Nobel committee cited this â€Å"role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem in South Africa†. He was chosen by President Nelson Mandel to chair South Africa’s Truth and reconciliation commission, which was set up to investigate crimes that were committed during the apartheid regime. This committee acted as a healing body for all who was affected by the apartheid reign â€Å"people has been bottled up for so long that when the chance came for them to tell their stories, the floodgates opened† (http://www. tutu. org/peace-centre/), (http://www. justice. gov. za/trc/ ). Tutu used his faith in God, prayer, speeches, words, and non- violence to stand up for the rights of people in South Africa to fight apartheid. How to cite Desmond Tutu, Essay examples

Veet Case Study free essay sample

Opportunity is a matter of perception. It is not for every eye to spot opportunity. Only a perceptive eye can achieve this feat. Hair removal market in India has remained quiet and sleepy for very long until RB (Reckitt Benkiser) forayed into it with its Veet brand in 2006. And in a short span of seven years of its launch the brand transformed the category from a meager Rs 50 crores to Rs 350 crores creating a seven fold jump. The brand went on to become not only market leader but a dominant player leaving the incumbent brands far behind. It certainly is a remarkable marketing feat. But success is intoxicating. Success fuels desire to succeed further. For Rajneesh, marketing manager (personal care business) and Sandeep, brand manager (Veet), this certainly has been a milestone reached, but they both seem to concur that this market leadership of Veet is not an end itself rather a beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Veet Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though Veet’s claim to fame has been hair removal or hair depilation, this is not the only knitting to which the brand must stick for ever. How far can the brand go if it sticks to its territory of hair removal, certainly not very far? Both Rajneesh and Sandeep intuitively feel that Veet masks huge potential to become a mega brand simply if it manages to transcend its current product domain. Sticking to knitting is fine but it is also limiting. But a brand like Veet can grow leaps and bound if the brand finds new knitting. Amidst this conviction, there is confusion as to what course the brand should take and how. The Company Reckitt Benckiser is a multinational corporation with presence in over 180 countries. Its origin dates back to 1823 when Johann A. Benckiser laid its foundation. With over 150 years of existence the company is founded on British and German heritage. The company has distinguished itself for bringing innovative solution to meet customer needs. Reckitt Benckiser (RB) came into existence after the merger of Reckitt Colman and Benckiser in 1999. This merger created world’s top house hold cleaning solution provider. RB operates in a number of high growth categories considered to be at the core of its business strategy: fabric care, surface care, dishwashing, home care, health care, personal care and food. Four of the top amongst these in terms of revenue are fabric care (22%), health care (26%), personal care (20%) and surface care (17%). The company has operations in 60 countries, sales in 180 countries and has had net revenues in excess of 6. 5 billion pounds last year. 4 Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd (RBIL) is a fully owned subsidiary of Reckitt Benckiser Plc. The year 2010 saw the company achieve very strong financial results despite not so positive economic conditions globally. Net revenues grew by 9% to ? 8,453m and adjusted operating profit was up by 18% to ? 2,231m. This performance, following a number of years of strong growth, is a testament to the global strength of the Companys strategy and execution, and the quality of its employees and their leadership. RB has strategically built an impressive brand portfolio in the above categories. Most of its brands consistently figure on the shopping list of customers worldwide. RB’s brands stand apart from others by combining an irresistible combination of innovation and value for money. A total of nineteen power brands drive company performance including Airwick, Dettol, Clearasil, Disprin, Harpic, Lisol, Mortein, Vanish, and Cherry Blossom. Most of these brands enjoy top positions in their respective markets. These are either number one or two in their categories. For instance, Lisol is a number one disinfectant brand in the US. The other brands that lead the category include Dettol (antiseptic), Vanish (fabric stain remover), Harpic (toilet cleaner) and Cherry Blossom (shoe polish). For RB India like other countries where it operates, most of its brands are top performers in their respective categories. A good innovative product when combined with ingenious marketing methods creates a mix par excellence. For instance a great marketing feat is achieved when an antiseptic brand like Dettol was completely transformed into to a health brand. Dettol subtly and strategically moved away from antiseptic yet leveraging its core benefit to become a brand embracing new product categories like toilet soap, shaving cream, talc, plaster and hand wash. Company’s toilet bowl cleaner brand Harpic enjoys market leadership with a share close to 75%; glass surface cleaner Colin tops the category with about 88% share and mosquito repellent brand Mortein dominates the market with about 20% share. One of its recent launches, Vanish a fabric stain remover, went to create and dominate the fabric stain remover category. Most of these brands are either number 1 or number 2 in their respective categories in India The company’s products need a wide distribution set up in order to reach their target customers. Some of the products typically fall in the fast moving consumer categories which require servicing a wide market area. RBIL uses its common distribution channels for distribution of its products which enjoy wide and deep reach in Indian market. This is one of the important strengths of the company. The channel system of the company is managed by its well structured sales force which is accountable for ensuring supply and sales of company’s entire product portfolio of more than one hundred and fifty stock keeping units. Quick way to leadership Veet brand was launched in India in 2004 and within a very short span of time it went on to become the category leader. At the time of its launch the total category sales stood at Rs 50 crores. Seven years later in 2010, Veet became a Rs 350 crore brand registering a seven fold increase in seven years since the time of its launch. Like many of the other RB brands, Veet is the number one depilatory brand in the world. It reigns at the top of the heap in the hair removal 5 products category. Following the global footprints, in India too, Veet has emerged as the top most hair removal brand. Prior to the launch of Veet, hair removal market was in a state of dormancy. Only a few brands competed in this space. One of them has been the Anne French brand from Wyeth Consumer Healthcare. India. This brand has been present in India for over four decades and as a result of its long existence in the market it developed a close connection with hair removal. Being probably the first mover and having been present in the market for a long period, the brand was not aggressively promoted. Its communication, few and in between stressed on the ease with which hair could be removed. The brand simply promoted how the product could be used to remove hair conveniently. The advertising of the brand followed an illustrative or demonstrated approach to explaining the prospective customers as to how hair could be removed by simply applying Anne French cream on the body to get rid of unwanted hair. The central idea centered on the product functionality. A period of long presence in the market can both be a burden and an advantage for a brand. It can be interpreted as heritage and hence excellence which could be leveraged to build brand strength. At the same time long existence can also imply ‘old’, ‘obsolete’ and of ‘yesteryears’. It is in this context that a long standing brand requires a careful and tactful manoeuvre. Anne French’s reality was somewhat similar. It was a brand with time of its side but it was not contemporized as time passed by. The result was a brand which enjoyed high recall and recognition and continuous support of customers. Rajneesh, Marketing Manager (personal care) is joyous over the feat that Veet managed to achieve: We studied the category and found immense potential waiting to be exploited. There were few players, at top Anne French followed by others like Fem. Anne French was known nationally with high recall and recognition in the target segment but here was a brand which was stuck in a time capsule. The brand was entirely promoted on the plank of product functionality. It focused on the ease of hair removal. But the brand image was not modernized to meet evolving desires and aspirations of target customers. Time or its long existence in the industry had rendered it fuddy-duddy meant to be used by only older customer. It was like „my mom? s brand, not for me?. The writing on the wall seemed very clear. The category was shouting out loud for players to join and provide what children of a liberalized era wanted. Liberalization and its consequent impact on consumer economy and consumer psychology fueled the growth of segments closer in outlook with any developed market of the world. Sandeep, Brand Manager ( Veet) concurs with Rajneesh: 6 There has been a subtle shift from sustenance led consumption to pleasure seeking. People want excellence in product functionality, but this is only the starting point. Now customers are willing to pay more if the brand delivers something beyond product functions. If a brand can rise up in the value ladder and forges a connection, it would certainly be rewarded. Consumption Consumers are making a transition from sustenance to indulgence. We had a brand in our portfolio which led the depilation market world wide. And the Indian market seemed just right for its launch with only one issue that needed to be resolved and that was what approach the brand should take to take on the then existing players. Further examination of the category threw up other interesting insights. The products available in the hair removal category had not evolved with time and thus as a result these formulations were inferior to the ones marketed elsewhere. These were not improved over time. In a way these were primitive. This category suffered from lack of innovations. It was not just the product, even the marketing, especially communication did not convey any sense of excitement. The brands stuck on to the matter of fact reason centric copy, more like sponsored information. Ads showed how application of the product allowed easy hair removal. Relying too much on the ‘reason why’, communication failed to activate emotional triggers. This probably has been due to the fact that product like this is not openly talked about. Hair removal deals with private parts and to promote this aggressively could have violated the sense and sensibilities of people twenty thirty years back. But things had moved on, yey brands did not. Veet needed a strategy by which it could directly connect with its customer better and at the same could set itself apart from other brands in the category. Rajneesh explained how Veet carefully negotiated this challenge: We were particular about making our objective of achieving brand leadership through innovation both in product and branding. Veet is a world class product with a superior innovative formulation. So we scored better on this count. However communication was a challenge. Instead of focusing on product functionality, we brought what customers seek by using a product like this at the centre of our brand building. Our strategy was to develop further on from superior hair removal and make a transition to benefits and we chose beauty and the confidence that comes as a result as the rallying point in our communication. We got our brand endorsed by Katrina Kaif, one of the top actresses in Bollywood. Katrina? s endorsement allowed the brand to develop strong linkage with words like the „beauty? , „attractive? , „success? and „modern?. The ads showed how using Veet makes skin smooth and attractive. Katrina was shown as arresting the attention of the opposite sex after product usage and gesticulating „V? for victory at the audience. The brand communication found an instant connection with its target customers. It built resonance by relating with below the surface desires to be beautiful and ultimately be attractive to the opposite sex. Hair removal’s instrumentality in achieving higher order goal made the 7 brand an instant hit. It did not take much time for the brand to emerge as the category leader (see exhibit 1). Veet managed to put action into a sleepy category with the result that both the category and the brand expanded impressively (see exhibit 2) Market Reality Veet’s emergence as the dominant player in the hair removal category is certainly an appreciable achievement. But a perceptive glance at the market also reveals that there lies phenomenal opportunity to catapult the brand on to a higher valuation if the total market expands. First of all the category is not yet fully penetrated. Hair removal penetration is relatively lower in India as compared to other markets of the world. Only about a 68% percent of the people do depilation compared to above 80% in developed countries like the US, France and Spain. Hair removal penetration is even lesser for arms and legs at 40%. Secondly there is tremendous scope to multiply per capita consumption if customers who visit to salons for depilation could be shift to self depilation. The ‘salon only’ market is larger in North and West India. The usage of hair removal products is related to age. Its consumption goes down with age. The user of the category tends to be younger, single and educated. More than half (54%) of the women in the age group of 15-34 years use hair removal products and this percentage drops to 39% for 34-44 years age group. This goes down further to 18% for 45-65 years age group. The category consumption is also related to social grade. People in the higher social group are greater users of hair removal products. The Indian market is not much different when it comes to product usage concern. Hair removal product penetration/usage in terms of body parts is similar to that in other countries. The application areas for hair removal products are face, underarms, arms, stomach area, bikini line, upper legs and lower legs. The top three application areas in India are underarms, bikini area and face. This is in line with other markets. The Indian customer differs from the others with respect to usage on legs. Upper leg and lower leg usage in India is 11% and 24% which is much lower than 59% and 93% in other markets. Hair removal products are very intimate and personal. The path between Veet and customer is not straight and simple. It is full of myths and psychological barriers. Rajneesh explains: The industry offers hair removal solutions in the form of waxes, creams, and razors. And each of these products comes with their own perception baggage, some parts of which are positive and some negative. Razor is quick but difficult to use and does not give the smooth effect. Wax is cumbersome, messy, time consuming but is perceived to remove hair from the root, effect lasts longer and gives smooth effect. Creams are easy to use, gives smooth skin but people perceive that creams make skin dark and these are chemical formulations. This perceptual bias works against creams, hence against Veet. The usage of hair removal products can be broadly classified into two categories. Creams are used mainly for Underarms and bikini area. This is hygiene depilation. Arms and legs depilation is guided by the consideration of beauty. These are exposed part of the body and hair on them makes the person 8 unattractive. This is beauty depilation. Data on the product usage and application area is give in exhibit 4, a careful glance reveals that there is a scope for Veet to become bigger if it penetrates into application area where waxes and razors are used more. Sandeep, the brand manager for Veet articulated the challenge: The brand can become bigger if a shift in the product usage type is achieved. Wax is dominantly used for beauty depilation. There is an opportunity for a brand like Veet to expand by shifting people from wax to creams. Cream usage is higher for hygiene depilation. The usage of razor is also high for underarms and bikini area depilation. Hair removal for beauty involves bigger quantity usage hence this shift promises big opportunity. Waxing is predominantly a parlour activity. It is not simply the process of getting rid of unwanted hair for beauty purposes for which parlors are visited. Factually waxing is time consuming, messy, painful and a joint process. With all its negatives waxing looks like an inferior solution to customer needs compared to creams. Creams are neither messy nor painful. They save visit to parlour and are empowering. Therefore a shift from wax to cream is logical. Reading this opportunity a cold wax strip variant of Veet was launched. The anticipation was that the market would explode and target customer would lap it up. By this extension it was expected that Veet would steal a large market away from parlours. The ready to use cold strip version of Veet was met with only part success. Instead of getting into a permanent routine, it ended up being a solution only for emergency situations. One man’s reason is another’s unreason. There has to be something more than simply hair removal in a visit to a beauty parlour. Had it not been so then cold wax strip of Veet would have become a blockbuster success. Waxing and hence a visit to a parlour is rooted in the psycho-social reality of women. A visit to a parlour apparently involves planning, taking time off, and undergoing the pain, yet the shift to creams is not easy to achieve. There is something more, highlights Rajneesh: A beauty parlour is not simply a functional space. It is cherished for its own psychological and social significance. Women do not simply visit for waxing rather their visit is combined with other beauty routines like eye brow shaping, pedicure and manicure etc.. Besides these „reasons why? there are other implicit needs which parlours satisfy. Parlours are pampering places. The beauty routines performed on customers by the staff creates an uneven power equation where the women assume power over the server. It gives a great feeling. Parlours are also exclusive meeting places with friends; the interactions with staff evolve from a professional relationship to a personal relationship. Here people can freely gossip, exchange ideas and learn beauty tips. Beauty parlours are not only direct competitors to Veet but also bad ones. In order to protect their market and perpetuate dependence, parlours are also myth generating places. Customers hold parlour staff as knowledgeable and expert. Directly or indirectly a bad word about creams is spread such as creams are harsh chemicals and therefore the skin can get damaged, usage of creams leaves dark spot and creams remove hair from surface without taking them off the roots. This has been obstructing the brand’s growth, Sandeep feels: Veet comes in different sizes. The international 100 gm which sell the most in western countries does not move that fast here. Veet also comes in a 60 gm pack, which is about 25% contribution. A small pack of 25 gm was launched to facilitate trials. But this variant went on to become the 9 largest seller. The sale of smaller pack implies that first of all people do not use cream for beauty depilation (arms and legs) because it requires larger quantity. Secondly this pack too is kept to meet unexpected emergency situations. Getting people to use Veet for beauty depilation is an important marketing challenge. New Knitting All through Veet has been guided by the understanding that for customers ultimately hair removal is not an end itself. Customer ultimately wants to look and feel beautiful and to be attractive to others. Accordingly brand’s communication strategically focused on benefits such as smooth skin and beauty and kept the hair removal in the background. Quite unlike other brands in the category which rallied the idea of hair removal and ease or product functionality, Veet built its equity based on emotions (‘confidence that comes with smoothness’). The ad execution typically followed a concept very similar to beauty brands use celebrities or attractive model as emotion triggers. It is in this context Katrina Kaif who epitomizes success, beauty and sensuality, played a significant role. Veet’s strategy combining an innovative superior product with excitement and glamour of a beauty brand paid off very well. Leadership surely is satisfying but this can’t be everything. Explains Rajneesh: There have been many instances when a successful brand went on to become a mega brand by crossing over its existing product boundary. For instance, Dettol evolved from being solely an antiseptic lotion brand. It has become a dominant health and hygiene brand and accordingly apart from antiseptic lotion it enjoys a wider range of products in its fold such as bathing bar, talc, shaving cream and hand wash. On almost similar lines, one of the bathing bar brands, which for a long period of time was exclusively sold for its „1/4 moisturizing cream? has gone on to become a much bigger brand. The brand now sells shampoo, lotions and creams along with its original product ,a bathing bar. The brand essence of „1/4 moisturizing cream? was reinterpreted as „less damage or damage free? to support products in other categories. One option for Veet is to be content with its leadership and stick to its knitting and build volumes within this space. Second is to make a transition to becoming a bigger beauty brand or find a new knitting. Does Veet have a legitimate right to do so? Examples are illustrative. A lot can be learnt from examples but blindly following the success model of others is full of risks. But then there are many good examples in the industry which show how some brands move on with time by not just withstanding the challenges unleashed by change, but rather by proactively converting these into business opportunity (see exhibit 5). Within the hair removal market, Veet is marketed in different variants both in terms of sizes (25, 60, and 100 gm) and types to suit application and skin type (normal, dry, skin and suprem essence). Same is the case for its wax strips. These are marketed in three variants-for normal, dry and sensitive skin. This strategy to extract volume by market penetration has contributed to Veet’s leadership in the hair removal market. It is a critical time for the brand. It probably is a time for the brand to make a transition. Its equity could be leveraged to build business in other categories. This is only possible if the customers find the brand relevant in the beauty space. The body routine includes primarily four care areas: face, body, fragrance, and bath (exhibit 6). There are a number of brands worth emulating, points out Sandeep: 10 Brands like Ponds, Vaseline and Dove are particularly instructive. Pond? s earlier was cold cream, Vaseline was known exclusively as petroleum jelly and Dove was a bathing bar. Consider now, all of these brands have made a very successful transition into becoming multiproduct brands. The time probably has arrived for us to explore new pastures for Veet by transforming it into a beauty brand. Optimism is fine, but wrong moves sometimes can backfire and erode the equity of a primary brand. We certainly do not want the brand to make a blind move. For Veet to succeed in new product categories the brand must add a relevant and differentiating dimension. In this context Veet has cultivated equity based on ‘smooth skin benefit’ supported by aspiration and attraction created by its celebrity endorser. The following statements summarize customers’ feelings towards the brand: â€Å"Veet makes our skin feel smooth after using it†; â€Å"Katrina fits the brand as we all want our skin to be like hers†; â€Å"Veet has better fragrance as compared to other players† ; â€Å" I generally don? t require to apply cream afterwards, it has some moisturizing lotion†; â€Å"Veet is an international brand† ; and â€Å"It? less painful than waxing and less risky than using razor. It doesn? t make our hair hard† On the whole the brand comes across as sophisticated, premium and international. Endorsement by Katrina Kaif has contributed to the creation of brand’s personality as glamorous, stylish, and sophisticated. The values associated with the brand are: good fragrance works in three minutes, easy to use, and leaves the skin smooth. Optimism and Caution Veet enjoys a clear functional advantage over its rival brands in its home category of hair removers. It also enjoys equity based on non-functional aspects. The Exhibit 7 provides a critical look at the brand. Veet’s functional value delivery runs common across competitive brands except that its fragrance makes it different. The associations such as ‘international’ and ‘sophisticated’ are relevant for a select set of customers which makes its appeal limited to a premium niche. Other customers may find it difficult to relate with the brand. The glamour and sex appeal added by its endorser may be perceived as superficial in the absence of credible credentials as a beauty brand. Exhibit 8 shows the imagery associated with the brand. The brand conjures images of confidence, carefree, glowing, glamorous, and smooth and supple skin. Do these associations make the brand ready to take a plunge into the beauty space? These associations do create lure and temptations but this is insufficient. The brand must offer some differentiated value to customers to create pull. Since its launch, Veet has managed to establish its credibility in the hair removal space with ‘smooth skin’ benefit. The growth trajectory for the brand can take three forms: first, extending the core range of hair removal product by launching different hair removal products and moving up to premium formats (product centric). This has already been done. Second, the brand can move into new product categories beyond its core product domain by directly stretching on the core proposition of ‘smooth skin’ (benefit centric) and retaining the association of hair removal. Third, this is an indirect path to grow the brand. This would involve exploring brand growth avenues by extending the brand into beauty category. This can only be achieved when the brand connections are based on non-product or abstract considerations like ‘smoothness and beauty’ (see exhibit 9). 11 Personal care consists of a number of routines. These include caring for the face, hand, hair, and skin (see exhibit 10). The overall depilatory market is limited to a small portion of the total personal care market. Sticking to the depilatory market severely limits by its size and growth prospects. Veet can grow if it is able to branch into other underleveraged segments of the personal care market. The feeling that runs through the team behind the brand is that of optimism and caution. Both marketing manager and brand manager at Reckitt Benckiser agree: There is an opportunity for transforming Veet into a „beauty brand?. But this is not a cake walk either. Specifically we need a road map with a complete milestone plan for the next five years for making Veet a beauty brand. There are very specific issues which need to be addressed: first of all what needs to be done to move Veet? s equity from being a „hair removal brand with some smooth skin connect? to a „true beauty brand ?. Second, the new segments in which Veet can enter in the personal care space. Third, what new products with relevant product differentiators could be launched in new segments? And finally, what specific initiatives must be undertaken so that this transition is smoothly achieved? It has been a long time since anything like this has been initiated. Everyone agrees on the point that there is an opportunity waiting to be exploited by Veet but at the same time doubts also cloud thinking. Global marketing head of Reckitt Benckiser who is expected to arrive in India for a review meeting has posted the following concerns: Veet has all along been a depilatory brand known to provide „smooth skin? benefit, how is the brand going to be seen by customers in other categories? There are strongly entrenched players in the beauty market. What blueprint does Veet have to succeed against these giants in the beauty space? What differentiating value would Veet bring to beauty customers in order to push the purchase trigger? Success in hair removal market does impose and create a baggage on the brand which may hinder its smooth transition to beauty category. What tactical maneuvering would this require? And above all it is very critical to choose the right category and right now it is unclear as to what categories are more suitable than the others. Apart from the above concerns, it is important to spell out what the brand should do to exploit its equity in the interim period before new products are launched. How should the brand build further on its beauty appeal and take it to a higher level so that later the brand is not seen with skepticism in the beauty category? Apart from the transitioning issue, right now what can be done to make Veet even a bigger brand in its home turf of hair removal?

Aphorisms, Mottos and Sayings

Aphorisms, Mottos and Sayings Aphorisms, Mottos and Sayings Aphorisms, Mottos and Sayings By Maeve Maddox Many depictions of old people on American television–for example, Grandpa Simpson–reflect contempt for the elderly, but the language presents a different picture. The variety of words for â€Å"wisdom passed down the generations† suggests a tradition of respect for the experience of one’s elders. I’ve already written about the words proverb and adage. Here are a few more English words that mean â€Å"an often-repeated wise saying.† The dates in parentheses correspond to the earliest citations in the OED. Because so many of the definitions for these words contain the adjective pithy, I’ll define this word up front: pithy (adjective): of language or style; full of concentrated meaning; conveying meaning forcibly through brevity of expression; concise, succinct; condensed in style; pointed, terse, aphoristic. aphorism (1570) In a scientific context, an aphorism is the statement of a principle, but in general usage, an aphorism is a short pithy sentence containing a truth of general import. For example, â€Å"A living dog is better than a dead lion.† apothegm (1570) Also spelled apophthegm, an apothegm is a terse, pointed saying that embodies an important truth in few words. It will be pithy and may also be sententious, like one of Dr. Johnson’s oft-quoted sayings: â€Å"Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.† axiom (1578) This term is from Latin axioma, which in turn comes from a Greek word meaning â€Å"that which is thought worthy or fit, that which commends itself as self-evident.† In a scientific context, an axiom is a self-evident proposition requiring no formal demonstration. For example, it’s an axiom that the Earth revolves around the Sun. dictum (1586) A dictum is an authoritative pronouncement attributed to a particular person or source. For example, Harry Selfridge (1858-1947) is credited with the dictum, â€Å"the customer is always right.† maxim (1450) A maxim states a rule of conduct or action in the form of a proverb: â€Å"Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.† motto (1589) Nowadays we use the word motto to mean any maxim that a person tries to follow as a rule of conduct. For example, I once had a kitchen with very little counter- or drawer-space; my motto was, â€Å"If it will hang, hang it.† Motto originally referred to a word or sentence attached to a design, as in heraldry. For example, the emblem of the Prince of Wales is three white ostrich feathers with the German motto Ich dien, â€Å"I serve.† precept 1375 Similar to a maxim, a precept is a general command or injunction; a rule for action or conduct, especially a rule for moral conduct. A precept that has implications for personal privacy and security is, â€Å"A man’s home is his castle.† saw (c. 1000) The sayings of King Alfred (849-899) were known as saws, a word that comes from the verb â€Å"to say.† One of Alfred’s saws that I can recall without looking it up is, â€Å"Tell it to your saddlebow.† That means â€Å"Don’t go sharing your plans or worries with others; keep your own counsel.† saying (1303) Like saw, saying comes from the verb â€Å"to say.† The word can apply to any current or habitual expression of wisdom or truth. For example, â€Å"The experience of many lottery winners tends to prove the truth of the saying that a fool and his money are soon parted.† I’ll let you decide for yourselves which of these nine terms best describes each of the following expressions: A penny saved is a penny earned. A job worth doing is worth doing well. A lie often told becomes the truth. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Actions speak louder than words. All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Birds of a feather flock together. Charity begins at home. Curiosity killed the cat. Little drops the mighty ocean make. Love conquers all. No use crying over spilt milk. Opposites attract. Rome wasn’t built in a day. Strike while the iron is hot. Time is money. Two heads are better than one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Legs, Feet, and ToesGrammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Forget about the Dark Ages

Forget about the Dark Ages Forget about the â€Å"Dark Ages† Forget about the â€Å"Dark Ages† By Maeve Maddox Movie makers and many writers are fond of using the terms â€Å"Dark Ages† and â€Å"medieval† to denote ignorance, intolerance and unspeakable violence. For example, a character in Pulp Fiction threatens his captive this way: Ima get medieval on your ass. Some writers who use the terms Dark Ages, Middle Ages and medieval have a very vague idea of the historical time periods designated by them. A common misconception is that â€Å"Dark Ages† and â€Å"Middle Ages† mean the same thing. So far as the Dark Ages can be acknowledged to be a meaningful term at all, it signifies that time between the breakdown of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, and the establishment of more stable European governments by the end of the tenth century. The Dark Ages were marked by raiding and pillaging. The Middle Ages were a time of architectural, artistic, and literary achievement. The blurb at the beginning of Christian Duguay’s 1999 film about Joan of Arc is a perfect example of the confusion that exists regarding these terms: Once in a time known as the Dark Ages There lived a legend whose coming had been foretold by the great prophet Merlin. The â€Å"legend† referred to here is Joan of Arc (1412-1431). When Joan died in 1431, the Renaissance had already begun in Italy. Joans mother and brothers were still alive when Leonardo de Vinci, Italian High Renaissance Painter and Inventor, was born in 1452. Historians dont use the term â€Å"Dark Ages† anymore. It was a term invented by the Italian poet Petrarch in the 1330s to convey his feeling that the culture of ancient Greece and Rome had been superior to everything that succeeded it. The expression Middle Age for the period between classical civilization and the present came into use in the fifteenth century. The term Middle Ages was first used systematically by a German historian, Christoph (Keller) Cellarius (1638–1707). The historical period designated by the term spans a thousand years. Modern historians divide the Middle Ages into three periods: Early Middle Ages: 500 -1000 C.E. The last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476. This was a time of great unrest during which Visigoths sacked Rome, Vikings pillaged France and England, and the energetic expansion of the new religion of Islam threatened the existence of Christianity. High Middle Ages: 1000-1300 C.E. Former rovers and raiders settled down. This is the age of great European cathedrals and Islamic centers of classical and scientific study. The cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was begun in 1160 and completed in 1345. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) wrote one of the first scientific encyclopedias during this time. Late Middle Ages: 1300-1499 C.E. The age of renewed interest in classical texts in Europe, and the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press. The two precipitated the Protestant Reformation and catapulted the world into the modern period. Like the term Dark Ages, the term â€Å"Middle Ages† was coined as a kind of put-down. The idea is that nothing much of value existed between the classical civilizations of Greece and Rome and the re-birth of the classical ideal in the Renaissance. Writers may wish to take another look at the terms Middle Ages and medieval. They don’t deserve to be used haphazardly as synonyms for ignorance and brutality. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesIs There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Crime Scene Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime Scene Report - Term Paper Example The investigators arrived at the scene and commenced the process of investigation as required. There was division of roles and each investigator carried out his or her role. Specialists also were given the special task like blood testing and fingerprinting in order to identify the perpetrators. The crime took place on March 26, 2015 and investigation process took place up to 10:55 am of March 26, 2015. The crime scene was located in a Parking Lot F at ERAU. The investigators were informed in order to visit the scene. The crime was committed and the perpetrator could not be found. At the time when the investigators arrived in the scene the suspect had escaped. The crime involved a murder which was suspected to have been caused by shooting. In order to identify the person who committed the act, the investigator collected evidence from the scene and recorded the events which took place. At the time when the investigators were carrying out the investigation, weather condition was sunny and temperature was 550c. The light condition was also good for the investigators to carry out investigation effectively. The light condition was favorable for photograph taking and the investigators could take clear photos without difficulties (Dutelle 78). A number of events took place at the scene of crime. The investigation was taking place in March 26, 2015 starting from 90:33 am. The investigators arrived at the scene at 09:33, 09:34 am and the Coroner arrived at 10:02 am. Coroner left the scene before the investigator at 10:37 am. The investigators left the scene at 10:55 am. Different materials were collected from the scene in different times. The investigators noted that 4 bullets scattered near the drive side at 09:30 am. Investigator Alex noted red pill at 10:03 am and it was collected to help in investigation. Sierra identified ticket at 10:10 am male blood from the victim at 10:33. The blood was collected for testing in order to identify if it was

A Good Way to Pick A Fight Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Good Way to Pick A Fight - Term Paper Example I will also express my personal vision on the subject of the reasons of the Cold War beginning. To achieve my goal, I have divided the paper into five basic sections. In the introductory part, the aims of the paper as well as its subject are outlined. Next, a brief synopsis of the author’s research is provided. Further, the major arguments made by Charles Lee Jr. are summarized. After this, I provide personal opinion on the subject of the Cold War and its start. The paper ends with conclusion which sums up what has been discussed in the essay. The article starts with implications of the overtly aggressive attitude displayed by statesmen of the countries – future participants of the Cold War. Specifically, Mee mentions the remarks made by statesmen from the United States and the Soviet Union regarding the spheres of interest in Europe. Besides, the enmity of Churchill, British Prime Minister of the war period, is described (Mee 420). While Truman the then American President talked both impolitely and aggressively with the Russian foreign minister Molotov about Poland, Molotov provocatively said that gaining control over Finland was a trifle. In his turn, Churchill acted in the way hostile to the Soviet Union during the war keeping nearly 700, 000 German captives military ready to fight the Russian army (Mee 420). These Next, Mee describes the positions in the political arena just before the start of the Cold War of the three countries. Russia was inherently led by its fear of outside invasions, so it aimed at fortifying its borders in Europe, which would evolve as creating the iron curtain in years. The United States, inspired by the incredible rise of its economy and its growing influence, aimed at expanding the spheres of interest in the world and taking the leading position. Great Britain, financially exhausted by the war,

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal An Assignment on:  FOOD SECURITY ANALYSIS Submitted by: Bibek Thapa Bidhya Gautam Binod Rana Chandan Shilpakar Chiran Adhikari Chura Mani Bhusal   Dipak Shahi Deny Kumar Shrestha Dev Raj Gupta INTRODUCTION Nepal is a food deficit, land locked and least developed country, having a population of more than 27 million people. Around 31 percent people in the country live below poverty level. Around 49.3 percent of under-five children are chronically malnourished. Globally, Nepal ranks 144th out of 182 countries in terms of its Human Development Index (UNDP, 2009). Annual population growth rate of the country is 2.2 percent. It is estimated that the countrys population in 2025 will reach 40.5 million, with anticipated difficulties of fulfilling the food requirements. Nepalese economy dominated by agriculture, 65.6 % of total population is directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Since last couple of years, population dependent on agriculture have been decreased (Sanjel, 2005). Apart from the small holding, other sources of income are livestock, wages, migration, etc. Of total income, 48 % from farm, 28 % from off-farm, 11 % from foreign remittance and 13 % from other source (WFP MoAC, 2009). Table 1: Nepal HDI Trend Year HDI 1980 0.309 1990 0.407 2000 0.5 2005 0.537 2006 0.547 2007 0.553 Source: HDR, 2009 The geography, political situation and cultural practices in the country are diverse. Peoples access to health facilities, schooling, employment opportunities and hygiene and care practices is limited. After 10 years of armed conflict (1996 -2006), the country is under a transitional period of establishing constitutional democracy after signing of a peace accord in November 2006 and the Constituent Assembly election held in April 2008. The decade long insurgency caused a loss of 13,347 lives in the country (UNDP, 2009 a). CONCEPT OF FOOD SECURITY: Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The concept of food security has four pillars (availability, access, utilization and stability). The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. Widespread poverty is the major cause for food insecurity. Food insecurity and hunger remain pervasive in Nepal, not only in food deficit districts but also within marginalized communities in districts with surplus food production. Food and financial crisis is gradually increasing, chronic food insecurity since 1990 in Western hills (Adhikari and Bhole, 1999), and total number of food insecure people are 6.9 million (OCHA, 2008). Feudalism and labor arrangement system are also the reason for food insecurity. Consequences of food insecurity are that poor have already exhausted their saving to buy food, sold the property and increased school dropout. There is a correlation between areas of high poverty and high malnutrition and areas of most impacted by conflict. Nationally, 47 % of the land owning HHs owned only 15 % of the land with an average size of less than 0.5 ha, whereas the top 5 % owned nearly 37 % of land. A recent rough estimate by WFP stated that the minimum amount of land required for HHs self-sufficiency is approximately 0.54 ha (OCHA, 2008). DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITY: Food Availability Availability of food is affected by insufficient agricultural productivity, inadequate rural infrastructure, and seasonal food shortages. In aggregate and percentage terms, the deficit is usually 3-5% of total utilization in cereal equivalent. Situation of food availability and access are very unevenly distributed over the country, and areas with the lowest production and greatest deficit per capita also tend to be the ones with low incomes, highest rates of overty and malnutrition, and they are often the most remote and inaccessible. Since 1990, at national level, overall food production is deficit and Nepal has been a net cereal importer for most years during the last two decades (FAO, 2008). Table 2: Food Deficit for 2009 Crop Deficit (Mt) Paddy 150,000 Wheat and barley 130,000 Maize 120,000 Total 400,000 Source: WFP Food security bulletin -24, August 2009 The Hill and Mountain regions are particularly food deficit and more vulnerable to drought. The low production is largely due to the predominance of rain fed agriculture, traditional farming practices, limited agri-input, inadequate technical advice for farmers due to poor extension services, poverty and limited availability of credit, and frequent droughts and floods. In addition, the conflict has reduced farmers’ access to production inputs and markets and reduced the motivation of farmers, producers and traders to expand their activities. The lack of growth in crop production greatly limits the potential for crop diversification which leads to nutritionally unbalanced and poorly diversified HH food consumption patterns. Only around 40 % of rural households produce enough food to meet their year round needs. A 3.4 million land holdings produce barely enough food to meet six months of household food needs. Average farm size is less than 0.8 ha and the parcels are scattered re ndering difficulty for commercialization and management care. Reduction in % of agricultural household from 83 % (1995) to 78 % (2003/04) and significantly in average size of land holding (CBS 2004). Livestock contributes about 30 % to agricultural GDP and projected to rise to 45 % by 2015. According to NLSS (2004), livestock accounts for about 20 % of total agricultural income, after crops (50 %). It is also a major household asset used to mitigate short-term shocks (FAO, 2008). Food Access: Physical and financial causes affect food access and it is restricted due to scarce nonagricultural Income possibilities, limited access to productive resources, lack of functioning services and substandard managerial and organizational capacity. This is a measure of a households entitlement to food. A 2008 WFP’s study shows that 75 % of surveyed HHs did not have sufficient access to food, and more than 95 % of very poor HHs had insufficient access to food. Food Utilization: Proper food utilization requires proper food handling, adequate education on health and nutrition, child care, hygiene and sanitation, health care, etc. A total of 55% to 85% of drinking water sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008). Stability/Vulnerability to Food HHs and individuals must have access to food at all times, either fresh or processed. However, sometimes they can be affected by external shocks (droughts, floods, conflict, poor political and economic governance and climatic crisis or seasonal food insecurity) and internal shocks (loss of income, illness). ROLE OF WOMEN IN FOOD SECURITY According to FAO, in developing country, 60 -80 % of total food production is contributed by women, and they have been engaged in subsistence farming (Kantipur, 2009). Capacity building of women in different sectors contributes to improve the livelihoods of the family, community and whole country. Almost 100 % women take responsibility for nurturing and care of children, and ideas, believe and practice change of women contributes a lot to improve nutritional status of children and women themselves. REASON FOR FOOD INSECURITY Main reasons for food insecurity are categorized according to four pillars and detail is given in Annex 3: Availability †¢ Low agricultural production and productivity and high population growth †¢ Small land holding †¢ Feudalism and labor management †¢ Misuse of food commodities †¢ Dependency syndrome on food aid. Access †¢ Unequal food distribution †¢ Lack of road network and market in remote area †¢ Lack of emergency backup services †¢ Poor purchasing capacity of people †¢ Social and geographical disparities and exclusion. Utilization †¢ Lack of awareness on nutrition and food habit †¢ High levels of malnutrition †¢ Poor basic services †¢ High disease incidence. Stability/Vulnerability to Food †¢ Low income †¢ Frequent disaster †¢ Social conflict †¢ Poor political and economic governance and other †¢ No functioning of traditional/indigenous community food safety net. GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION According to international law, every human being has rights to be freed from hunger and rights to have safe and nutritious food. Universal declaration on human rights, Conventions on Child Rights and other international legal documents have ensured the rights of food. Nepal does not have a comprehensive food security policy addressing the different dimensions of food security; however, food security and nutrition have been included in different policy document. Nepal Interim Constitution (2007) The interim constitution has recognized food sovereignty as the fundamental human right and guaranteed some important rights which are relevant to ensure the legal entitlement on the food security. It guarantees the right to life (art. 12.1) and rights to employment and social security (article 16). For the first time in Nepal, constitution also guarantees the right to food sovereignty (art. 18.3). Provision of rights of food security for all citizens has been ensured through the article 16 and 33. Similarly, through article 35, provision to improve the food security situation of marginalized community has been ensured. However, these rights are subject to implementing legislation, unfortunately, such specific laws are not yet made. Recently, in a case, interpreting this right, Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order to the GON to immediately supply food stuff in food insecure districts (Adhikari, 2009). Besides these following plan and policies have also ensured food security for Nepalese citizens: Three Year Interim Plan (TYIP 2007 -2010) Agricultural Development Policies †¢ Agriculture Perspective Plan (1995-2015) †¢ Implementation of APP Support Programme (2003-2008) †¢ National Agriculture Policy (2004) †¢ Health Sector Policy (2004) †¢ National Water Plan (2005) †¢ Forestry Master Plan †¢ National Transport Master Plan †¢ Agribusiness Promotion Policy (2006) †¢ Food and Nutrition Security Plan (2007) †¢ Milk Development Policy (2007) †¢ Agriculture Biodiversity Policy (2007) AGENCIES WORKING IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION: Government Agencies Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC) Focused on food production, most of the programs are extension (with very limited research); targeted to production increase, market access and technical support for the farmer. According to NSDRM 2009, this is focal ministry for food security (MoHA, 2009). Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) Implements Nepal Food Crisis response program, funded by World Bank (WB), and Food for Work (FFW) programs, material support of WFP and technical support of GTZ, in food deficit districts with the objective of creating rural employment opportunities to the poor through the Rural Community Infrastructure Works (RCIW) Programme consisting of rural road construction and community based projects such as irrigation and soil conservation, school building and other support, health facilities improvement, income generation, etc. Ministry of Education (MoE) MoE implements Food for Education (FFE) program with material food support from WFP. It follows an objective of improving nutritional status of school children, school enrolment and attendance of children, particularly girls, by providing a mid-day meal and a take-home ration of oil for girl students. The program is implemented in food deficit districts. Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) Department of Health implements Mother and Child Health Care (MCHC) programme with material support from WFP in collaboration with MoE. The programme aims to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating mothers and children (6-36 months) by providing monthly take home ration (fortified nutritious food). Nepal Food Corporation (NFC) NFC is currently supplying subsidized food to 30 districts including 22 remote districts across the country (MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009), where local production is deficit. It follows the Governments food policy with responsibility of collection, transportation, storage, sale and mobilization of food. It also handles food aid received by the country. NFC focuses on providing food to people living around district headquarters, and mostly to government employees. Line Agencies World Food Programme (WFP) WFP works in partnership with MoLD, MoE, MoHP, UN agencies and NGOs through life cycle approach of distributing food from pregnancy stage to adult of women candidates. As of November 2009, WFP coverage is in 22 districts (personal interaction with WFP staff). All interventions are carried out in the food insecure areas identified by Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping (VAM) unit of WFP in close collaboration with the Government. There are other agencies and some of them are as follows: ActionAid Nepal Agro Enterprise Centre (AEC) DEPROSC, DFID, GTZ, Helen Keller International (HKI), OXFAM GB, SAPROSC, UNICEF, WHO SUMMARY: Food security in Nepal depends on land productivity as managed by small holders who face challenges in productivity and sustainability, and the country is prone to natural disasters that can have serious consequences for agricultural production.Additionally, the households that are most likely to be food insecure tended to engage in livelihood activities such as petty trade, unskilled labor, natural resources exploitation, handicrafts, and farming. Nepal has become a net importer of grain in recent years.The key factors causing food insecurity, especially in remote mountain districts, are an increasing population, remoteness (causing lack of transportation and distribution), low income-generating opportunities, and lack of access to food. The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. These factors can be grouped in three clusters: 1) Overall socio-economic, political and natural environment 2) Performance of the food economy, and 3) Household level food security influenced by livelihood assets and activities, care practices, and health and sanitation conditions. CONCLUSION: In current situation, for food security major thrust has to given to production of food grains, horticulture, fisheries and livestock product through sustainable use of resources. Investing in agriculture has several benefits and as a major sector contributing to economic growth, 38 agriculture has to transform from traditionally subsistent to a vibrant commercial and competitive one. Potentiality for agriculture development should be taped with increasing concerns for irrigation, fertilizer, storage, marketing, improved seeds and breeds, quality control, improved service delivery, research focus on niche areas, credit facility and capable human resources. Improved farming system, planting of fruit and fodder and use of SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) can improve land use and control water induced disaster. Similarly, environment friendly agriculture farm, storage and gene bank are essential but insecticides and pesticides are being haphazardly at commercial scale but eff ective monitoring is lacking. Required numbers of cold storage are lacking, and farmer is compelled to sell goods at cheaper price. Strategies, approaches and programme to increase domestic food availability have to emphasize on: (i) The need for technological change to increase labor, land, input and productivity, (ii) Improving connectivity to increase market access resulting to reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm and farm to market, and (iii) Price guarantees to serve as an incentive to farmers to produce for the market. Increasing production, promoting processing, developing and strengthening business enterprises services, improving marketing efficiency, and reducing food prices, are major avenues to improve food security. REFERENCE: Adhikari, B. 2009. Food Security Related Safety Nets and Legal Empowerment of Poor in Nepal. Report submitted to FAO 2009 November. Kathmandu CBS, 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04, Statistical report. Volume 1 and 2. Kathmandu. National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics. Kathmandu FAO. 2010. Assesment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal. Kathmandu. MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009. Crop and Food Security Assessment: 2008/09 Winter Drought in Nepal, Joint Assessment Report – May 2009. Kathmandu MoHA, 2009. National strategy for disaster risk management, 2009. Government of Nepal, Ministry of Home Affairs OCHA, 2008. Nepal Needs Analysis Framework Key Findings September 20087. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). Kathmandu FAO.2008. Nepal Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring/Early System Assessment of Current System, Project Design and Proposal. February 2008. FAO, Rome Sanjel, N. 2005. PARYAWARAN: Disaster Management Special. Status of Agriculture production and Food security in Nepal. ECO-Nepal, Paryawaran monthly, volume 13, Additional issue, June 2005 UNDP. 2009 a. Nepal Human Development Report 2009: State Transformation and Human Development. UNDP. Kathmandu WFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring: Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu Adhikari, J and Bhole, H.J. 1999. Food Crisis in Nepal

Paleolithic life

Paleolithic rock art: People left their hunting records, drawings of their culture and experiences on cave walls with bright colors, some of which have been preserved up to today. Also, Paleolithic people made small statues or carvings out of stone, of figures such as Venus figures. In addition, although It may seem Like art to modern world, they used stone tools to hunt and gather. 1.Venus figurines : In places all over the world, from Europe to Russia, figurines of women have been found, They were carved out of stone, antlers, and deferent trials, but similar in shape, a figure of a women with exaggerated figures. They suggest ancient societies having or worshipping a women goddess, as well as indicating that there may have been communication across lands. 1. Dermatome: In Paleolithic Australia, there were aboriginal people called the Dermatome. They had complex and developed stories on the world, as well as rituals which included their people got to their current location.Their ou tlook on life was based on historical events that took place; all nature was a sense of mirror image to their past events. Also, they had communication with various other groups/isosceles over a large area of land, exchanging tools, drugs, cultures, and ornaments. 1. Clevis culture: The Clevis people were bands of people scattered all over North America. They were considered one of the first people of America, mostly killing large animals such as bison and mammoth, living along mostly water. Some artifacts suggest that although they were distributed far apart, they may have had some form of communication between the people. . Managerial extinction: It was the extinction of large animals, such as the mammoth, some species of horses, and camels. Many experts' theory is that the extinction was caused by change in climate; when the Ice Age ended, temperatures rose and humidity fell. Others say that the Clevis people might have hunted the animals down to extinction, which eventually lead to the wipe out of themselves. 1. Stationeries migrations: The migrations of the Stationeries speaking people were one of the last migrations to take place In the human history. As It was mostly migrating along the pacific ocean, they used canoes for transportation.The result was migration to the Philippines, Madagascar, Hawaii and etc. Contrast to the other gyrations, since it was waterborne and hunting – gathering would not be available on the Journey, these people were already living In an agricultural environment before they migrated. 1. â€Å"The original affluent society: Because many of the Paleolithic people were living basic necessities. Different to what we think today, Paleolithic societies seldom had more freedom and leisure time as they worked less than the hours required for farming and maintaining a flock of sheep. . Shamans: Paleolithic people had cultures where they had ‘ceremonial' spaces, connecting them , or separating them from their ordinary life . These ceremonies/ rituals were usually held in deep caves. Although there were no full time religious leaders of specialists, there were shamans who were believed to be skilled with dealing the spirit world. 1. Paleolithic settling down: Changes begun? Began? To take place mostly as the ice age began to end. Tools became smaller and more precise, people began to collect wild grains which led to surplus in food.Also, some tribes/societies settled down and started to store and preserve goods, which led to even more surplus in food. As food abundance occurred, populations rose and villages grew as well. Up until then, most truckers in society had been fair and equal, but the surplus and diversion of Jobs led to inequality. 1 . End of the last Ice Age: As Ice Age came to an end and climates warmed, Paleolithic life changed to Neolithic life ( meaning new stone age). Populations grew, villages settled down, and humans began to change nature, selecting what they needed.Coincided with th e migration of homo sapiens, this eventually led to the Agricultural Revolution. 2. â€Å"Broad spectrum diet†: Living as hunter gatherers for thousands of years, people eventually gained knowledge about the nutrition they needed in order to survive healthily. Somewhat similar to modern times, people learned to eat both big and small animals, the various uses of plants, and so on. Although the â€Å"broad spectrum diet† was not particularly developed in the Neolithic era, it became useful for future reference.Furthermore, researchers suspect that this led to the gender roles, as women were more of the gatherers, they had more knowledge about diets and nutrition, which led them to farm in an agriculture society. 1. Fertile Crescent : The fertile crescent is modern day southwest Asia (Iraq, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Turkey). The land had abundance in the species of plants and animals, which were mostly easy to domesticate. A period of dry and cold weather led to hardship in farming/gathering plants, which eventually was the turning point to agriculture when people started to domesticate animals.Although the fertile crescent was a packed area at first, later people began to scatter as population increased and soil erosion occurred due to over farming. 1 . Testing : Testing is a pre- genetically modified ancestor of corn ( with a lot less cob than we know it), it is a form of mountain grass that was grown in the Americas. Testing was like the cereals of the fertile crescent, except it had less nutrients. Therefore, it became more altered by humans to provide all the protein. Theory that gradually, through plants and animals' migrations, farming spread out to other areas.Opposing to the other theory where humans were the main cause for the expansion of agriculture, diffusion suggested that it was more of an indirect act. 1 . Bantu migration: The Bantu speaking people migrated east and south within Africa. Along with themselves, they migrated with the act of agriculture, their cattle, ironwork, and culture such as languages. Because they were one of the primary Neolithic people, with their migration came diseases to those who had never been in intact with domesticated animals, driving out natives, and killing them. A similar migration would be the Australians'. . Peoples of Australia : Not everyone was keen on the change in lifestyles, Australia went back to hunting- gathering after being introduced to agriculture. Some reasons for that might have been the fact that the area was simply not suitable for agriculture, or that the land was naturally plentiful agriculture would actually be less beneficial. 1 . Banjo: In China, there was an agricultural organization settlement called Banjo. They grew rice, pigs, and dogs. Also, they lived in houses, had storage for surplus food, kept an area for either social or military activity.They revealed to modern researchers the use of pots and textiles; the remains shows that they produced dish es, pots, cloth and textiles. 1 . â€Å"Secondary products revolution† : As people became familiar with domestication, they found more uses for 1 . Pastoral societies: In regions where farming was less beneficial than herding or domesticating animals, societies relied on pasturing/herding/or nomads to sustain their lives. Areas such as the arctic tundra, grasslands and deserts were lands where people were more dependent on the animals, which differed by the region.Although not all of the pastoral societies were against the agricultural people, there are references, like the bible, which indicate conflict between the two. 1 . â€Å"Catafalque† : Catalytically is an early civilization in southern Turkey. People lived in dirt houses, which were stacked on top of the dead. There were no roads in this village, instead people tended to walk on roofs, and entered the houses through them. Unlike most Neolithic villages where some form of discrimination or social statuses exist ed, Catafalque barely had any, and had less gender roles than others.Although women were more related to agriculture and men to hunting. 1 . â€Å"Stateless societies†: Stateless societies were cultures or societies that were familiar with formal organizations, however, they chose not to select politics. However, they were in contact with neighboring societies, including their religious practices amongst the ruling. Inherited, however, they could rarely dictate over the village. Instead, they trusted their followers [villagers. They also held a religious status, leading important rituals and ceremonies. Organizing the village, the chief maintained his status.